121 “SERVE TO REPRODUCE”: William G. Bowen, Martin A. Kurzweil, and Eugene M. Tobin, Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005), p. 167.

  122 THAN EITHER AFRICAN AMERICAN OR HISPANIC: At the University of Pennsylvania, for example, 15 percent of freshmen in 2004 were alumni children, while 7 percent were African American and 7 percent were Hispanic.

  122 “A DECIDEDLY BETTER CHANCE”: Bowen et al., Equity and Excellence, p. 103.

  122 DAVIDSON COLLEGE: Interview with Nancy Cable, former dean of admissions at Davidson.

  123 FREE COLLEGE COUNSELING: Interview with Jill Caskey director of Brown Alumni College Advising Program.

  123 ITS COUNTERPART: Interview with Robert Alig, University of Pennsylvania assistant vice president of alumni relations.

  124 54 PERCENT OF CORPORATE LEADERS: Thomas R. Dye, Who's Running America? The Bush Restoration (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2002), p. 148.

  124 “THE GREATER GOOD”: T S. L. Perlman and Deborah Perlman, “Let In by Lottery,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, October 23, 2002.

  125 “TIGHT LIMITS”: Bowen etal., Equity and Excellence, p. 171.

  125 “NO SPECIAL EXCEPTION”: “Bush Opposes ‘Legacy” College Admissions,” CNN.com, August 6, 2004.

  125 A MAY 2004 POLL: “Public Views on Higher Education: a Sampling,” Chronicle of Higher Education, May 7, 2004.

  125 DUE TO A C: Sarah Harris and Gordon Rayner, “His Oxford Dream Dashed, Euan Blair Is Bristol-Bound,” Daily Mail, August 24, 2002.

  126 “CANCER CREEPS INSIDIOUSLY”: R. J. Innerfield, “Losing Legacies,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, May 15,2002.

  127 BEFORE WORLD WAR I: Interview with Jerome Karabel.

  127 THE COLLEGES” SOCIAL SCENE: See discussion of Harvard finals clubs and Gold Coast residence halls in Marcia Graham Synnott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale and Princeton, 1900-1970 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979), pp. 23-32.

  127 JEWISH UNDERGRADUATES AT HARVARD TRIPLED: Dan A. Oren, Joining the Club: A History of Jews and Yale (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), pp. 49-50.

  127 AT COLUMBIA: Oren, Joining the Club, p. 43.

  128 “ASIDE FROM THEIR DISDAIN”: David O. Levine, The American College and the Culture of Aspiration, 1915-1940 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 154.

  128 WHICH IN 1922 DEVELOPED: Levine, The American College,^. 142. 128 YALE'S BOARD OF ADMISSIONS VOTED: Oren, Joining the Club, p. 59. 128 AND 29.6 PERCENT: Synnott, Half-Opened Door, p. 155. 128 NEEDED A 6o AVERAGE: Synnott, Half-Opened Door, p. 154.

  128 HELPED ROLL BACK: Synnott, Half-Opened Door, p. 155.

  129 SIMILARLY, AT HARVARD: Synnott, Half-Opened Door, p. 112.

  129 CLARK SLASHED: Nicholas Lemann, The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), p. 149. 129 LED BY CONSERVATIVE COLUMNIST: Lemann, Big Test, p. 150. 129 “THE ONLY PREFERENCE”: Quoted in Lemann, Big Test, p. 151.

  129 A 1990 REVIEW: Compliance Review No. 01-88-6009, Office for Civil Rights, United States Department of Education, October 4, 1990, p. 1. Admissions staff comments, pp. 27-28.

  130 UNIVERSITY-COMMISSIONED STUDY: McKinsey Report for the Notre Dame Alumni Association.

  130 214 NOTRE DAME CLUBS: Interview with Charles Lennon, executive director, Alumni Association.

  131 A SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER YIELD: Interview with Daniel Saracino. 131 AVERAGE 80 POINTS LESS: Interview with Daniel Saracino.

  131 TOLD THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: Meg McSherry, “A Case for Special Cases,” Chicago Tribune, May 25, 2003, p. 1.

  132 AN ASTONISHING 74 PERCENT: Interview with Louis Nanni, Notre Dame vice president for university relations.

  133 IN HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY: Ed R. Haggar, Big Ed and the Haggar Family (Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press, 2001), p. 55.

  136 GAVE $33 MILLION: Julie Flory, University of Notre Dame News, “Groundbreaking Ceremonies Planned for New Performing Arts Center,” September 5, 2001.

  5: TITLE IX AND THE RISE OF THE UPPER-CLASS ATHLETE

  150 ARRAY OF SEGREGATED SPORTS: All data are from “NCAA Student-Athlete Ethnicity Report, 1999-2000—2002-2003” and pertain to Divisions I, II, and III for 2002-2003. Percentages for each sport don't add up to 100 percent because I have omitted categories such as “other” and “American Indian.”

  151 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE: Middlebury Ad Hoc Committee, 2002, pp. 7-8, cited in William G. Bowen and Sarah A. Levin, Reclaiming the Game: College Sports and Educational Values (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 352, n. 33.

  151 ONLY 6 PERCENT OF RECRUITED: Bowen et al., Equity and Excellence, p. 172.

  151 68 PERCENT OF THE STUDENT BODY: Email from Carol Wood, May 15, 2005.

  152 GIVEN TWELVE ADMISSIONS SLOTS: “Admissions Slots by Sport,” University of Virginia, document provided to author in response to public records request.

  152 INCREASED FROM 332: NCAA, “Sports Sponsorship and Participation Report, 1982-2003,” p. 153.

  153 DOUBLE THE COLLEGIATE AVERAGE: According to the NCAA “Participation Report,” the average college in 2002-3 fielded 16.5 teams.

  153 TYPICAL URBAN PUBLIC SCHOOL: East Boston High School profile, Massachusetts Department of Education website, www.profiles.doe.mass.edu. 153 EASTIE OFFERS: “Boston Public Schools High School Sports 2004-2005,” Boston Public Schools Department of Athletics.

  153 IT HAS TEAMS: www.andover.edu/athletics/teams.

  154 ATHLETES LAGGING BEHIND: Bowen and Levin, Reclaiming the Game, p. 92.

  155 “THE MORE SELECTIVE”: Bowen and Levin, Reclaiming the Game, p. 77.

  155 SINK TO THE BOTTOM: Bowen and Levin, Reclaiming the Game, pp. 130-43.

  155 “TROUBLING ISSUES”: Bowen and Levin, Reclaiming the Game, p. 139.

  155 AVERAGE FOR WOMEN ROWERS: “University of Virginia Selected Athletic Data,” UVA Institutional Assessment and Studies, April 5,2005.

  158 A LATE VIRGINIA POLO PLAYER: Email from Carol Wood, April 13, 2005.

  159 “DEAN BLACKBURN'S ATTENTION”: Email from Carol Wood, June 24, 2005.

  160 ACQUIRED TEETH: Title IX Legislative Chronology, Women's Sports Foundation.

  160 KEY FIGHT: Mike Szostak, “End in Sight at Last for Title IX Case,” Providence Journal-Bulletin, June 24, 1998. Also, Jessica Gavora, Tilting the Playing Field (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002), pp. 70-90.

  161 ENDORSED NINE “EMERGING SPORTS”: Interview with NCAA administrators Judy Sweet and Wendy Walters.

  161 TALL, STRONG WOMEN: Barbara Carton, “You Don't Need Oars in the Water to Go Out for Crew,” Wall Street Journal, May 14, 1999, p. 1.

  161 MORE THAN QUADRUPLED: NCAA, “Sports Sponsorship and Participation Report,” pp. 35, 63.

  161 GREW FROM 31: NCAA, “Participation Report,”p. 173 (women's rowing), p. 177 (men's rowing).

  162 VARSITY RIDERS NEARLY DOUBLED: NCAA, “Participation Report,” pp. 48, 64. Squad size, p. 173.

  163 130 COLLEGES DROPPED: NCAA, “Participation Report,” pp. 191, 204. Wrestling organizations say the figure is much higher.

  163 CUT ITS FIFTY-SEVEN-YEAR-OLD VARSITY: Tim Leone, “Fans See Curtain Close on Bucknell Wrestling Team,” HarrisburgPatriot, February 11, 2002.

  163 BUCKNELL RESTORED WRESTLING: Susan Crawford, “Philanthropy Assists a Sport That Struggles with Title IX,” www.bucknell.edu.

  164 SUBSTANTIAL MINORITY REPRESENTATION: Undergraduate Enrollment Data, NCAA Division 1 Athletics Certification Interim Report, University of Virginia, Appendix 6A, luly 2001.

  164 “MAKES FINANCIAL SENSE”: Final Report, Virginia 2020 Strategic Planning Task Force for the Department of Athletics, March 1, 2002, p. 47.

  164 ALUMNI PAID $250 APIECE: Email from Carol Wood, lune 1, 2005.

  165 BATTED ONLY TEN TIMES: He had no hits in two official at-bats in 2003, and also walked and was hit by a pitch. He had two hits in six at-bats in 2004.

  168 “READILY ADMITS”: Bob Ryan, “Walking on Wild Side: Being Here Dream to These Players,” Boston Globe, April 4, 2004, p. El 3.

  171 ELIMINATING BASEBALL SCHOLARSHIPS: Dan Heuchert, “Bottom of the Ninth,” Alumni News Magazine, winter 2002.

  6: A BREAK FOR FACULTY BRATS

  182 DATA GATHERED: Email from Professor Malcolm Getz, lanuary 31, 2005. Getz calculated these percentages at my request from data that he and Professor Siegfried had compiled for their article “Where Do the Children of Professors Attend College?” Working Paper No. 03-W02, Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, February 2003.

  182 HIRED AFTER 1996: Interview with Manuel Monteiro, associate vice president for human resources, Boston University.

  183 BU TOOK 79 PERCENT: Email from Kelly Walter, February 1,2005.

  183 157, OR 2.9 PERCENT: Email from Alissa Kaplan Michaels, March 4, 2005.

  184 NO-INTEREST LOANS: Steve Stecklow, “Teacher's Perk,” Wall Street Journal, April 15,1997, p. 1.

  184 “COMMITMENT AND DEDICATION”: Compliance Review No. 01-88-6009, Office for Civil Rights, United States Department of Education, October 4, 1990, p. 9. 184 FIFTY-TWO GRADUATES: Princeton High School, 2004-5 School Profile.

  184 NOT AMONG THAT TOP 12 PERCENT: “Town Topics,” June 24, 1998, p. 33. Seniors graduating with honors were identified by asterisks.

  184 95 PERCENT OF PRINCETON STUDENTS: Email from Cass Cliatt, August 1,2005.

  185 ONE OF THE STRONGEST PREDICTORS: Interview with Professor Ronald Ferguson.

  185 AVERAGE SALARY: “Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession, 2004-5,” American Association of University Professors, Table 4, p. 33.

  186 58 PERCENT ADMIT RATE: Communication from Doris Davis, Cornell associate provost for admissions.

  186 ONLY 14 OF 87: Ithaca High School College Profile 2004.

  187 “THE OTHER LEGACIES”: Laura Randall, “The Other Legacies: Fac Brats,” New York Times, January 16, 2005, Section 4A, p. 12.

  187 $9 MILLION A YEAR: Interview with Manuel Monteiro.

  188 58.1 PERCENT PAY: “2004 Comprehensive Survey of College and University Benefits Programs,” College and University Professional Association for Human Resources, August 2004.

  189 “FAIRNESS CONCERNS”: Staff of the Joint Committee on Taxation, “Options to Improve Tax Compliance and Reform Tax Expenditures,” January 27,2005, p. 45.

  190 RAISED ITS BAR: Interview with Lee Coffin.

  190 SCALED BACK PROPOSED CUTS: Stecklow, “Teacher's Perk.”

  190 A STANFORD SPOKESWOMAN: Email from Kate Chesley March 1,2005.

  191 SIGNED A PETITION: Patrick Healy “Faculty Demands Administration Response to Petition on Remission,” Tufts Daily, December 3,1991, p. 1.

  191 BACKED DOWN: Letter to university community from President Jean Mayer,

  June 1, 1992.

  191 CRAFTED THE CAP: Maureen Lenihan, “Faculty Threatens Tufts with Lawsuit over Tuition Remission,” Tufts Daily, February 26, 1992, p. 1.

  191 $294,210: IRS Form 990, 2002-3, Trustees of Tufts College.

  193 THE NEXT FACULTY MEETING: It took place on March 2, 2005, in the Coolidge Room of Ballou Hall.

  7: THE NEW JEWS

  200 HIRED A RABBI: Daniel Golden, “Religious Preference: Colleges Court Jewish Students in Effort to Raise Rankings,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 2002, p. 1.

  200 PROPORTION OF JEWS: Email from Greg Perfetto, Vanderbilt associate provost for institutional research, January 26, 2005.

  201 “GREASY GRIND”: Yale Dean Frederick S. Jones, quoted in Synnott, Half-Opened Door, p. 15.

  202 POPULARIZED THE TERM: Lemann, Big Test, pp. 174-84.

  202 “ASIAN OR PACIFIC ISLANDER”: Statistical Policy Directive No. 15, “Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting,” Office of Management and Budget.

  202 NO LONGER QUALIFY: Lemann, Big Test, p. 244.

  202 “LOWER RATE THAN WHITE”: Compliance Review No. 01-88-6009, Office for Civil Rights Department of Education, October 4, 1990, pp. 1,2, 35, 40.

  202 STEREOTYPING: Compliance Review, pp. 24-26.

  203 “ADVERSELY AFFECTED”: Compliance Review, p. 1.

  203 THREE PRINCETON RESEARCHERS: Thomas J. Espenshade, Chang Y. Chung, and Joan L. Walling, “Admission Preferences for Minority Students, Athletes and Legacies at Elite Universities,” Social Science Quarterly 85, 5 (2004): pp. 1422-46.

  203 ENTERING ASIAN AMERICAN FRESHMEN: Institutional Self-Study Instrument Report, Yale University, p. 44.

  204 GAINED A VICTORY: “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” Office of Management and Budget, Federal Register Notice, October 30, 1997.

  204 OBTAIN COLLEGE DEGREES: “Recommendations from the Interagency Committee for the Review of the Racial and Ethnic Standards to the Office of Management and Budget Concerning Changes to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity,” Office of Management and Budget, Federal Register, July 9,1997, Part II.

  206 “BECAUSE OF THEIR RACE”: Kai Chan, “Admissions Policies Unfair to Asians,” www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2004/11/29/opinion/l1584.shtml, November 29, 2004.

  206 “CONSIDER EACH APPLICANT”: Email from Eric Quinones, May 27,2005.

  207 “SELF-SEGREGATION”: Sam J. Cooper, “Gank Post Upsets Asian Associations,” www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2003/02/27/news/7445/shtml, February 27,2003.

  208 ADOPTED A FORMULA: Daniel Golden, “Schools Find Ways to Achieve Diversity Without Key Tool,” Wall Street Journal, June 20,2003, p. 1.

  209 “EXTRAORDINARY ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE”: “Comprehensive Freshman Admissions Policy,” www.admissions.ucla.edu/prospect/Adm_fr/FrSel.htm.

  210 TO 65 IN 2004: Interview with Diana Schmelzer.

  211 ACCUSED HIS FLAGSHIP: John Moores, “College Capers,” www.forbes.com/forbes/2004/0329/040_print.html, March 29, 2004.

  211 “SOMEWHAT FEWER ASIAN”: Eligibility and Admissions Study Group, Final Report to the President, University of California, April 2004, p. D-5-4. 216 81.8 PERCENT OF FOREIGN: “Primary Source of Funding by Academic Level,” Open Doors 2004, Report on International Education Exchange, Institute of International Education.

  217 63 PERCENT OF ALL: “Undergraduate Financial Aid Estimates for 2003-04 by Type of Institution,” 2003-4 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, National Center for Education Statistics, lune 2005, pp. 5-6.

  217 OFTEN, IT'S INTERNATIONAL: Presentation to alumni by Amherst College admissions director Katharine Fretwell, November 13, 2004.

  221 CLOSELY FOLLOWED THE NEWS: Groton's student newspaper, the Circle Voice, polled students on their attentiveness to the princess's death.

  8: THE LEGACY ESTABLISHMENT

  228 MICHIGAN VOTERS: “The EPIC-MRA Report,” lanuary-February 2003, Volume 11, Number 1, p. 7.

  229 “SOMEWHAT IRONIC”: lustice Harry Blackmun, concurring opinion, U.S. Supreme Court, University of California Regents v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

  229 “CASTE SYSTEM”: “Education Fairness,” News from Senator Bob Dole, December 19,1990.

  231 FUNDING FOR NONCOMPETITIVE GRANTS: leffrey Brainerd, “Lobbying to Bring Home the Bacon,” Chronicle of Higher Education, October 22, 2004, p. A26.

  233 READ A COVER STORY: lohn Larew, “Why Are Droves of Unqualified, Unprepared Kids Getting into Our Top Colleges?” Washington Monthly, lune 1,1991.

  234 566 VERBAL SAT SCORE: lerome Karabel, “The Legacy of Legacies,” New York Times, September 13, 2004, p. 23.

  235 10 PERCENT ATTENDED: Dye, Who's Running America, p. 148. 235 “MEDIA ELITE”: Dye, Who's Running America, p. 109.

  235 “D STOOD FOR DISTINCTION”: Michael Kranish, “Kerry, Bush Grades Nearly Identical,” Boston Globe, lune 8, 2005, p. 1.

  235 UNDERAGE ALCOHOL POSSESSION: Peter Pae and Amy Argetsinger, “Md. Teenagers Say Drinking Is Commonplace,” Washington Post, October 2, 1995, p. B01.

  236 PUBLISHED A NOVEL: Kristin Gore, Sammy's Hill (New York: Hyperion, 2004).

  236 FIFTEEN U.S. SENATORS: Aside from those mentioned in the text, Senate legacies include lohn Warner (Washington and Lee University), lohn Sununu (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Russell Feingold (University of Wisconsin). Other alumni parents include Feingold, Gordon Smith (Brigham Young University), and Orrin Hatch (also BYU).

  237 “A SECRET RESENTMENT”: lohn McCain, Faith of My Fathers (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 53.

  237 “WHEN THAT BABY”: Connie Brack, “McCain's Party,”New Yorker, May 30,2005.

  237 “UNAVOIDABLE APPOINTMENT”: McCain, Faith of My Fathers, p. 108.

  240 NSF STARTED A GRANT PROGRAM: Interview with former NSF director Rita Colwell.

  240 WITHOUT HONORS IN 2003: Princeton officials Eric Quinones and Cass Cliatt furnished honors information for Princeton graduates.

  241 “INSTRUMENTAL IN SECURING”: “U.S. Reps. Frelinghuysen and Holt Receive Science Coalition Awards,” News from Princeton University, April 16,2001.

  247 “TRIBAL INSTINCTS”: William R Buckley Jr., “Civil Rights for Old Boys,” New York Times, January 24,2003, p. 23.

  257 DENOUNCING THE PROPOSAL: Jackie Calmes, “A Special Weekly Report from The Wall Street Journal's Capital Bureau,” Wall Street Journal, September 5,2003, p. A4. 257 KENNEDY PROPOSED: Daniel Golden, “Bill Would Make Colleges Report Legacies, Early Admissions,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2003, p. Bl.

  9: THE CHALLENGE OF WEALTH-BLIND ADMISSIONS

  261 CHANGED ITS CRITERIA: Interview with Robert Morse, director of data research, U.S. News&World Report.

  262 ONLY EIGHT: Interview with Richard Bischoff.

  262 OF CALTECH'S FIFTY-FOUR TRUSTEES: Communication from Gary Dicovit-sky, March 17,2005.

  263 LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH: Cooperative Institutional Research Program freshman survey, Higher Education Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, fall 2004.

  266 THIRTY NOBEL PRIZES: “Annual Report 2003-2004,” California Institute of