10 This inset within Map 16 is based on the Naval Staff Battle Summary 29, The Attack On The Tirpitz By Midget Submarines (Operation “Source”) 22nd September 1943, Plans 3 and 5, NA London ADM 234/348’, and the despatches submitted by Rear Admiral C.B. Barry on 8 November 1943 and by Rear Admiral G.E Creasy on 26 July 1945, both published in Supplement to The London Gazette of 10 February 1948, NA London AIR 2/9875; and the plan entitled ‘Bomber Command Attack on Battleship Tirpitz in Kaa Fjord Photos taken on 15.9.44’ opposite p. 62 of the report entitled ‘Tirpitz: An account of the various attacks carried out by the British Armed Forces and their effect upon the German Battleship Volume 2’, NA London ADM 234/350.

  11 As well as being based on other sources in Chapter 32’s and Chapter 33’s notes, Map 17 is particularly based on the plan labelled ‘Gefechtsskizze Unternehmen “Regenbogen” am 31.12.42’ in Militärarchiv Freiburg RM 7/1040.

  12 The co-ordinates cited in the preliminary note that precedes this Map 17’s key numbers’ texts are based on what is mentioned in Force R’s Report (defined above in Note 9 of the Maps section of this book’s notes).

  13 In addition to relying on sources in Chapter 37’s and Chapter 38’s notes, Map 18 is also based on ‘Wegkarte des Zerstörers “Z 29” beim Unternehmen gegen engl. Geleitzug vom 25-27.12.1943’ with the 16-31 December 1943 KTB DES ZERSTÖRERS Z 29.

  14 Map 18’s inset is based on the map entitled ‘Bomber Command Attack on Battleship TIRPITZ in Kaa Fjord’, NA London AIR 34/141.

  15 The co-ordinates in the preliminary text preceding the text linked to the key numbers in Map 19 are based on Burnett’s Battle of North Cape Report, as defined in Chapter 37’s notes.

  16 In addition to relying on sources in Chapter 42’s notes, Map 21 relies on Plans 1, 2 and 3 referred to in 1st Cruiser Squadron’s Rear Admiral Rhoderick McGrigor’s 28 February 1945 report headed, Operation Hotbed – Passage of J.W.64 and R.A.64’, NA London ADM 199/759.

  17 Map 23 is based on sketch in a diary compiled by Lieutenant Commander P.W. Dolphin while he was serving as a midshipman aboard the cruiser Trinidad, IWM Documents 09/54/1.

  18 Map 24 is based on a sketch with the war diary for the British 126 Base Unit, NA London WO 176/391.

  Appendix A

  1. Based on the formation diagram in NA London ADM 199/757.

  Appendix B

  1. Based on the PQ16 formation sketch in NA London ADM 199/757, and another slightly different PQ16 formation sketch and a document specifying which PQ16 ships reached Russia in NA London ADM 237/167.

  2. 6 June 1942 reports by Mauna Key’s Ensign Robert G. Crawford, and Massmar’s Ensign William A. McDowell Commanding Officers Armed Guard, US ARMED GUARD REPORTS Boxes 460 and 458 respectively.

  Appendix C

  1. Based on the PQ18 formation sketch in NA London ADM 199/758.

  Bibliography

  I have specified a country as the publication location for books in this section which have been privately published. If first publication of a book took place during the same year in London as well as in another country, I have in this section specified London as the place of publication unless it is obvious that a publisher in the other country commissioned the book. Books with no disclosed author, or books in which the chapter quoted is by a person who is not the book’s compiler, are listed at the beginning of the list below.

  Bratsvo severnikh konvoev 1941-1945 (Brotherhood of the northern convoys 1941-1945), compiled by R.V. Gorchakov: chapter Na pravah passazhirov (On the rights of passengers) by G. Polyakov, Archangel, 1991

  Hunting Tirpitz: Royal Naval Operations Against Bismarck’s Sister Ship commissioned by Britannia Royal Naval College’s Britannia Museum, Plymouth, 2012

  Polyarniy Krug (The Polar Circle), compiled by A.V. Shumilov: chapter: Perezhitoye: iz vospominaniy sudovogo medika parohoda “Dekabrist” (A testimony of what was experienced: from the memoirs of the ship’s doctor on the vessel “Dekabrist”) by Nadezhda Natalich, Moscow, 1982

  Severnie Konvoi: Issledovaniya, vospomininaniya, documenti, Vipusk 2 (Northern Convoys: Research, memoirs, documents, vol. 2): chapter Smert’ Kieva i Empair Bairon (Death of “Kiev” and “Empire Byron”) by G.A. Rudnev, Moscow, 1994

  The Royal Navy And The Arctic Convoys: A Naval Staff History, Abingdon, 2007

  V konvoyakh i odinochnikh plavaniyakh (In convoys and in solo voyages) compiled by V. V. Kolt: chapter Tragediya v Karskom more (Tragedy on the Karsky Sea) by Y. D. Kapralov, Archangel, 1985

  Velikaia Otechestvennaia Voina 1941–1945 (The Great Patriotic War 1941–1945) vol. 9, Moscow, 2014

  Zashitniki Otechestva (Defenders of the Motherland): chapter Svidetel’ gibeli parohoda “Marina Raskova” (Witness of the death of the vessel “Marina Raskova”) by T. A. Sanakina, Archangel, 2004

  Beaumont, Joan, Comrades In Arms: British Aid to Russia 1941–1945, London, 1980

  Beesly, Patrick, Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty’s Operational Intelligence Centre 1939-1945, London 1977

  Beevor, Antony, Stalingrad, London, 1998

  Beke, Charles T. and Beynen, Koolemans, eds., The Three Voyages of William Barents to the Arctic Regions, 1594, 1595 and 1596 by Gerrit De Vere, London, 2016

  Bell, P.M.H., John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy and the Soviet Union 1941-1945, London, 1990

  Bishop, Patrick, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents And Dambusters – The Epic Quest To Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship, London, 2012

  Boyd, Andrew, Arms For Russia & The Naval War In The Arctic 1941–1945, Barnsley, 2024.

  Brodhurst, Robin, Churchill’s Anchor, The Biography Of Admiral Of The Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, 2000

  Broome, Captain Jack, Convoy Is To Scatter, London, 1972

  Browning, Robert M., United States Merchant Marine Casualties in World War II, North Carolina, 2011

  Bunker, John, Heroes in Dungarees: The Story Of The American Merchant Marine In World War II, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995

  Campbell, Spurgeon, Waves Astern: A Memoir of World War II and the Cold War, Bloomington, Indiana, 2004

  Carse, Robert, A Cold Corner Of Hell, New York, 1969

  Carter, William, Why Me Lord?: The Experiences of a U.S. Navy Armed Guard Officer in World War II’s Convoy PQ 17 on the Murmansk Run, USA, 2007

  Chisholm, Anne and Davie, Beaverbrook: A Life, London, 1993

  Churchill, Winston, The Second World War: vol. III, The Grand Alliance, London, 1950

  vol. IV, The Hinge Of Fate, London, 1951

  vol. V, Closing The Ring, London, 1952

  Claxton, Ian, Honeysuckle’s War: The Story of a Corvette, England, 1999

  Coulter, Surgeon Captain J. L. S. The Royal Naval Medical Service: Volume I: Administration, London, 1954

  Volume II: Operations, London, 1956

  Denham, Henry, Inside the Nazi Ring: A Naval Attaché in Sweden 1940-1945, London, 1984, London, 2013

  Ditcham, A. G. F. A Home On The Rolling Main: A Naval Memoir 1940-1946, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, 2013

  Doenitz, Karl, Memoirs: Ten Years And Twenty Days, London, 2000 (original German version: Bonn, 1958)

  Eden, Anthony, Memoirs: The Reckoning, London, 1965

  Erwood, Peter, ed., A Long Night For The Canteen Boat: The Torpedoing and Salvage of HMS Cassandra 11th December 1944, Fleet Hargate, Lincolnshire, 1996 (edition I used 2003)

  Fairbanks, Douglas Jr., A Hell of a War, London, 1995

  Foxvog, Donald R. and Alotta, Robert I., The Last Voyage of the SS Henry Bacon, St Paul, Minnesota, 2001

  Flohic, François, Ni Chagrin Ni Pitié, Souvenirs d’un marin de la France libre, Paris, 1985

  Geroux, William, The Ghost Ships Of Archangel: The Arctic Voyage That Defied The Nazis, New York, 2019

  Gilbert, Martin, Road to Victory: Winston S. Churchill 1941–1945, London, 1986 (edition I used London, 1989)

  Gleichauf, Justin F. Unsung Sailors, The Naval Armed Guard in World War II, Annapolis, Maryland, 1990

  Golovko, Arseni, With The Red Fleet: The War Memoirs Of The Late Admiral Arseni G. Golovko, London, 1965 (Russian edition previously published in Moscow, 1960)

  Gorchakov, R.V., ed., The Brotherhood of the Northern Convoys: On The Rights of Passengers chapter by Poliakov, G.

  Gorodetsky, Gabriel, ed., The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s 1932–1943, London, 2015

  Griffith, Hubert, R.A.F. In Russia, London, 1942

  Harriman, Averell and Abel, Elie, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1941–1946, London, 1976

  Hawkins, Ian, ed., Destroyer: An anthology of first-hand accounts of the war at sea 1939-1945, London, 2003 (edition referred to by me: Conway, a division of Anova Books Company Ltd, 1999)

  Higgins, Alan, You’re In The Navy Now: A teenage recruit sees front-line action in WWII, England (no publication date recorded in book)

  Hill, Alexander, The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941–1945: A documentary reader, Abingdon, 2009

  Hill, Roger, Destroyer Captain, London, 1975 (edition referred to by me: Grafton Books – a division of Collins Publishing Group – paperback, London 1986)

  Hinsley, F.H. with other authors, British Intelligence In The Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations Volume 2, London 1981

  Volume 3 Part I, London, 1984

  Volume 3 Part II, London, 1988

  Hobbs, David, The Fleet Air Arm And The War In Europe 1939-1945, Barnsley, 2022

  Hoffmann, David L., ed., The Memory of the Second World War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia: ‘Lend-Lease in war and Russian memory’ chapter by Olga Kucherenko, Abingdon, Oxfordshire 2022

  Holman, Gordon, The King’s Cruisers, London, 1947

  Hughes, Robert, In Perilous Seas, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, 1990

  Hutson, Harry C., Arctic Interlude: Independent To North Russia, Bennington, Vermont, 1997

  Il’in, V.N., Radishevskaya, V.A., Titova, T.V., eds., Voina: Zapechatlennie dni 1941–1942 (War: Captured Days 1941–1942), Archangel, 2005

  Insall, Tony, Secret Alliances: Special Operations And Intelligence In Norway 1040–1945 – The British Perspective, London, 2019

  Irving, David, The Destruction of Convoy PQ17, London, 1968

  Jacobsen, Alf R., Scharnhorst, Oslo, 2001 (edition referred to by me: Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2003)

  Jessop, Keith, Goldfinger: The True Story of One Man’s Discovery, London, 1998 (edition referred to by me: Pocket Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, 1999)

  Jones, Robert Huhn, The Roads To Russia: United States Lend-Lease To The Soviet Union, Oklahoma, USA, 1969

  Kerslake, S. A. Coxswain In The Northern Convoys, London, 1984

  Khrushchev, Nikita, Memoirs of, Volume 1: Commissar[1918-1945], Pennsylvania, 2004 (Russian version first publication 1999)

  Kimball, Warren F., ed., Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence: I Alliance Emerging, Princeton, London, 1984

  II Alliance Forged, London, 1984

  Krivosheev, Colonel-General G. F., ed., Soviet Casualties And Combat Losses In The Twentieth Century, London, 1997

  Lindbæk, Lise, Tusen Norske Skip, Norway, 1945

  Lund, Thoralv, Kalde Krigsår: Den Norske Innsets På Og For Svalbard 1940–1945 (Cold War Years: The Norwegian Efforts On And For Svalbard 1940–1945), Norway 1990

  MacGregor, Iain, The Lighthouse Of Stalingrad: Hidden Truth At The Heart Of the Greatest Battle Of World War II, London, 2022

  Macintyre, Captain Donald, U-Boat Killer, London, 1956

  Maisky, Ivan, Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador: The War 1939-43, London, 1967 (Russian version first publication Moscow, 1965)

  Mallmann Showell, Jack, ed., Fuehrer Conferences On Naval Affairs 1939–1945, 1947, England (edition referred to by me The History Press, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2015)

  Medical Research Council: A Guide To The Preservation Of Life At Sea After Shipwreck, London, 1943

  Mills, Morris O., PQ13: Unlucky For Some, Bramber, West Sussex, 2000

  Milton, Giles, The Stalin Affair: The Impossible Alliance that Won the War, London, 2024

  Ministry of Information: Merchantmen At War: The Official Story of the Merchant Navy: 1939-1944, London, 1944

  Moore, Arthur R., A Careless Word… A Needless Sinking, New York, 1983

  Mortensen, Nils, Flyktninger I eget land, Molde, Norway, 1995

  Motter, T. H. Vail, The Persian Corridor And Aid To Russia, Washington, 1952

  Munn, Dalton Leslie, Diary of Squandered Valor: First Convoy to Murmansk, USA, 2012

  Ogden, Graeme, My Sea Lady: HMS Madeleine: February 1941 to February 1943, London, 2013

  Ould, Vic, Last But Not Least: H.M.S. Goodall Torpedoed 29th April 1945, England, 2013

  Pawłowicz, B., O.R.P. Garland: In Convoy to Russia, Surrey, 1943

  Pearce, Frank, Last Call For HMS Edinburgh: A story of the Russian convoys, London, 1982 The Ship that Torpedoed Herself, Plymouth, 1975

  Penrose, Barrie, Stalin’s Gold: The Story of HMS Edinburgh and Its Treasure, London, 1982

  Peyton Jones, Loftus, Wartime Wanderings 1939–1945, England, 1993 (edition referred to by me: 2019)

  Raeder, Erich, My Life, Annapolis, Maryland, 1960 (edition referred to by me: Arno Press Inc., New York, 1980)

  Ransome Wallis, R., Two Red Stripes: A Naval Surgeon at War, Shepperton, Surrey, 1973

  Rep, Jelte, S.O.S. Paulus Potter, The Hague, 1984

  Reynolds, David & Pechatnov, Vladimir, with assistance of Iskander Magadeyev and Olga Kucherenko, The Kremlin Letters: Stalin’s Wartime Correspondence with Churchill and Roosevelt, London, 2018

  Rohwer, Jürgen, Hummelchen, Gerhard, and Weis, Thomas, Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945, London, 2005 (original edition by first two cited authors first published 1972)

  Roskill, Captain S.W., The War At Sea: Volume II: The Period Of Balance, London, 1956

  Volume III : The Offensive, Part I: 1st June 1943-31st May 1944, London, 1960

  Volume III: The Offensive, Part II: 1st June 1944-14th August 1945, London, 1961

  Ross, Alan, Blindfold Games, London, 1986

  Rudnev, G. A., Na Morskih Dorogah Voini (The Naval Paths of War), Vladivostok, 1995

  Schmidt, Rudi, Achtung – Torpedo Los! Der strategische und operative Einsatz des Kampfgeschwaders 26 – Löwengeschwader – Das Torpedogeschwader der deutschen Luftwaffe im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Koblenz, Germany, 1991

  Schofield, B.B., The Russian Convoys, London, 1964 (edition referred to by me: Pan paperback, London, 1971)

  Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh, The Battle For The Code, London, 2000 Dunkirk: Fight To The Last Man, London, 2006

  Sherwood, Robert E., The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins: An intimate history, Volume I September 1939-January 1942, London, 1948

  Somkin, Aleksandr, Mi pomnim vas… (We remember you…), Archangel, 1995

  Sparksman, Norman, Jottings of a Young Sailor, Ely, Cambridgeshire, 2008

  Steenbeck, Alexander, Die Spur des Löwen, Lübeck, 2013

  Suprun, Mikhail, Lend-Liz I Severniye Konvoi 1941-1945 (Lend Lease and the Northern Convoys 1941-1945), Moscow, 1997

  Tuyll, Hubert P. van, Feeding The Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union, 1941-1945, Connecticut, 1989

  Twiddy, Herbert A.A., My Teenage War And Later Career, England, 2009

  Van Kampen, Anthony, ed., Scheepsverlaring, Amsterdam, 1952

  Warrilow, Betty, Nabob: The First Canadian-Manned Aircraft Carrier, Ontario, Canada, 1989

  Werth, Alexander, The Year Of Stalingrad : An Historical Record And A Study Of Russian Mentality, Methods And Policies, London, 1946

  Whinney, Bob, The U-Boat Peril : An Anti-Submarine Commander’s War, Poole, 1986

  Winn, Godfrey, ‘P.Q.17’, London, 1947

  Winton, John, The Death Of The Scharnhorst, Chichester, 1983

  Woodman, Richard, The Arctic Convoys 1941-1945, London, 1994

  Yakolev, Professor A. N., with Haustov, V. N., Naumov, V. P., and Plotnikova, N. S., eds., Lubyanka: Stalin and NKVD-NKGB-GUKR Smersh, Moscow, 2006

  Index

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  All ships and other vessels appear under the sub-heading ‘ships and other vessels’. All Arctic convoys in this index appear under sub-heading ‘convoys, Arctic or Russian’.

  Acumen, Operation (protection of JW62 and RA62) (1944) 553–7

  Admiralty 54, 175, 515; Churchill serves as First Lord of 6; Denning and 227–8; Enigma messages/blackouts and 226–7, 229–30, 232, 482; independent ships and 378, 380, 381, 391; JW51B and 437; Naval Intelligence Division 215, 228; Operational Intelligence Centre (OIC) 66, 226–32, 235, 236, 255; PQ8 and 51; PQ12 and 61, 63, 66; PQ13 and 76, 77; PQ15 and 161; PQ17 and 222, 223, 226–39, 250, 255, 256, 260, 261, 265, 279, 300, 303, 308; QP13 and 268, 276; rescue survivors, 6 July 1942 order that efforts should be made to 260–61, 278, 303; Scharnhorst, tracking and sinking of and 487–8, 512; Trade Division 588; Ultra messages 63, 66, 67, 230, 233–5, 255, 256, 278, 325, 416, 482, 487–8, 607; wounded servicemen in north Russia and 325

  Admiralty Peninsula (Poluostrov Admiralteystva), Novaya Zemlya, Russia 242, 251, 257, 261, 300

  Agreement for Joint Action (binding Britain and the Soviet Union, 1941) 33

  aid: amount of aid delivered by Allies via northern route 588; British allocation of aid/equipment and 589–95; percentage of total aid sent from Western Hemisphere to Soviet Union via Arctic convoys 599; Russian propaganda denies need for aid supplied by Western Allies 377, 592–600; Russian war effort, influence of aid on 592–600, 599