aircraft: Allies supply to Soviets via Arctic convoys 17, 31–4, 37, 38, 40–44, 224, 250, 252, 265, 281, 291, 300, 303, 308–11, 588–91, 594–6, 598; attacking and defended Arctic convoys see Fleet Air Arm and Luftwaffe; aviation gasoline, Allies supply to Soviets 595–6. See also individual aircraft type and manufacturer name

  aircraft carriers: Acumen Operation (protection of JW62 and RA62) and 553–4, 556, 557; CAM ship and 161, 173; Dervish Operation and 30, 32; Hotbed Operation (protection of JW64 and RA64) and 559, 560, 561, 568; JW57 and 522, 526; JW58 and 526–8; JW59 and 539–44; PQ12 and 57, 58, 60, 64, 66, 68–72; PQ15 and 161, 173; PQ16 and 208; PQ17 and 214, 223, 228, 308, 587; PQ18 and 332, 338, 343, 349–52, 522; QP14 and 364, 365; RA58 and 529, 532; Roundel Operation (protection of JW66 and RA66) and 580; Scottish Operation (protection of JW65 and RA65) and 575–6; Woolworth aircraft carrier 332. See also ships and other vessels

  Aisthorpe, Lieutenant Horace 440

  Akureyri, Iceland 367, 482, 516

  Albert Medal 154, 182

  Aldis lamp 59, 164, 165, 369, 435

  Allen, Kenneth 170–71

  Allies: Agreement for Joint Action (binding Britain and the Soviet Union, 1941) 33; Arctic, Battle of (1939–45) See Arctic, Battle of (1939–45); Atlantic, Battle of (1939–45) 36, 40, 47, 160, 174, 175, 309, 457, 473, 528; Atlantic Declaration (1941) 36; convoys See convoys, Arctic and individual convoy name; France, invasion of (Operation Overlord) (1944) 526, 529, 533, 552; morale within 102, 135–6, 142, 255, 226, 266, 293, 305, 360, 408, 438, 445; relations between See individual leader and nation name; second front, debate over opening up 4, 37, 40, 42, 133, 309, 311, 319, 320, 380, 458, 462, 470, 471, 592; Sicily, invasion of/Operation Husky (1943) 215, 457, 473

  Allison, Captain John 561, 573, 574

  Altenfjord (Altafjord), Norway 232–5, 255, 256, 359, 382, 411, 413–14, 471–3, 485, 487, 528, 540

  aluminium 36, 37, 40, 59, 95, 110, 159, 377, 595, 598

  Anczykowski, Lieutenant 165

  Anderson, James 98, 104, 117

  anti-aircraft ships (ack-ack ships): Acumen Operation (protection of JW62 and RA62) and 553; EV Operation (protection of PQ18 and QP14) and 332, 337, 346, 352, 357, 358; FX Operation (protection of JW57 and RA57) 521–2; FY Operation (protection of JW58 and RA58) 526, 531; Hotbed Operation (protection of JW64 and RA64) and 560; PQ15 and 160, 166, 167, 168, 316; PQ16 and 211; PQ17 and 218, 226, 242, 243, 257, 279, 289–91, 313, 318; PQ18 and 332, 337, 346, 352, 357, 358; QP10 and 130; QP12 and 189; QP14 and 332, 337, 346, 352, 357, 358, 361, 375; RA53 and 446; Roundel Operation (protection of JW66 and RA66) 580; Scottish Operation (protection of JW65 and RA65) 575. See also ships and other vessels

  anti-aircraft (ack-ack) weapons 97, 122, 168, 211, 221, 549, 553

  Antropov, Sergey 109

  Arado planes 68–9

  Archangel (Arkhangelsk), Russia 17, 313–18, 458–79; archives in 4–5, 9, 465; crackdown in (March-August 1943) 9–10, 458–79; Dervish Operation/first Arctic convoy reaches 30; famine in 328; football matches between British and Russian teams in 468–9; hospitality in 313–18; hospitals in 269, 287, 325–30, 360, 474, 477; Interclub in 316, 464, 467, 469–70; Kola Inlet temperate relative to 50; NKVD in 9, 461–7; Northern Maritime Museum 4–5; PQ16 and 211; PQ17 and 18, 216, 221, 239, 242, 287, 288–92, 295, 297, 299–303, 305, 310, 312–15; prefix ‘PQ’ (PQ1) sailing from Iceland to 40; prisons/Allied seaman prisoners in 9, 315, 316, 466–71, 477–9; QP13 and 268; QP15 and 409; shunning of western seamen in 9, 316–17; Soviet authorities stop handing out visas to British servicemen 471; women in 313–14, 317–18, 459, 461–7

  Archer, Rear Admiral Ernest 470

  Arctic, Battle of (1941–45): amount of aid delivered by Allies via northern route 588; battles/operations See individual battle and operation name; British allocation of aid/equipment and 589–95; casualty numbers 586–7; convoys See convoys, Arctic and individual convoy and vessel name; German errors 587; merchant ship losses and casualties 587; Official Historian of the war at sea, verdict of Britain’s 586, 587; percentage of total aid sent from Western Hemisphere to Soviet Union via Arctic convoys 599; Russian propaganda denies need for aid supplied by Western Allies 377, 592–600; Russian war effort, influence of aid on 592–600, 599; vessels, numbers lost/sunk of numbers 586, 588; winner of 586. See also individual convoy name

  Arctic mirages 2, 110, 130–31, 264, 273

  armed guards 1, 447, 452; American equivalent of British DEMS gunners 46; independent ships and 381, 383; JW56A and 518; PQ8 and 46, 47; PQ12 and 60; PQ13 and 79, 92, 96, 110, 112; PQ16 and 203; PQ17 and 26, 245, 247, 262, 304, 315, 335, 448, 453; PQ18 and 335, 337, 339–41, 343, 355, 365; QP13 and 274

  Armstrong, Captain Harold 348–9

  Armstrong, Peter 282, 284–7

  Atlantic, Battle of the (1939–45) 36, 40, 47, 160, 174, 175, 309, 457, 473, 528; shipping

  losses sustained by Western allies in 457

  Atlantic Declaration (1941) 36

  Auchinleck, General Sir Claude 590–91

  Aurora Borealis (‘northern lights’) 2, 32, 50, 381, 390, 402, 497, 513, 517–18, 556

  Australia 269, 272, 320, 550, 591

  aviation, gasoline 595–6

  Avro Lancaster 58, 548, 549, 552

  Axtell, Ensign Harold 60

  B-Dienst (German Naval Intelligence interception of signals and codebreaking service) 492

  Babanov, Lieutenant B. 536–7

  Backhaus, Signalman Matrosenobergefreiter (Able Seaman) Helmut 490–91

  Bain, Captain Donald 50–51

  Bain, Petty Officer John 154

  Baird, Vice Admiral Sir Thomas 11, 177, 178, 179, 182

  Bakaritsa, Russia 291, 326, 358

  Baker, Walter 266

  Baker, Wayne 453–4

  Ballantyne, Surgeon Lieutenant John 119, 120–21, 325, 528

  Barber, Thomas Lou 85

  Bardufoss, Norway 24, 26, 172, 207, 251, 343, 549, 559–60, 567

  Barents Sea 2, 4, 17, 101, 156, 174, 237, 257, 277, 293, 309, 312, 360, 533; Battle of the (1942) 5, 408–43, 482, 485, 489, 515, 518

  Barentsburg, Spitzbergen 393–4, 396, 399, 402

  Barentsz, Willem 10, 293, 388–9

  Barrett, Fred 431, 438, 440–41

  Bates, Bill 582–3

  Bates, Lieutenant Harold 499

  Baxendale, John 511, 512

  BD5 convoy (1944) 533–9, 554

  Bear Island, Svalbard 2; BD5 and 539; FW Operation and 517, 522; Hotbed Operation and 559, 560, 567; JW51B and 412; JW55B and 485, 486; JW56B and 520; JW57 and 522, 526; JW59 and 545; PQ12 and 54, 56, 61, 63–6; PQ13 and 75, 95; PQ14 and 124, 134; PQ15 and 163, 167; PQ16 and 188, 190, 192–3, 197, 208, 220; PQ17 and 17, 220, 223, 224, 235, 256, 309; PQ18 and 332, 334, 338; QP11 and 144; RA53 and 446; RA59 and 529; RA62 and 556; RAF bases in northern Russia to provide air cover for convoys east of, Russian reaction to idea of 468; Trinidad sinking and 178

  Beardmore, John 317

  Beaverbrook, Max Aitken, Lord 38–42, 133, 320, 594, 596

  Bekenn, Lieutenant Commander Philip 523

  Bell, Horace 339, 340, 353

  Bell Sound, Spitzbergen 337, 346, 362

  Belyaev, Stepan Polikarpovich 383–5, 387, 388, 390, 403–5, 407

  Benker, Oberleutnant Hans 381

  Bentinck, Acting Captain Wolf 532

  Bergeret, Lieutenant de Vaisseau André 275

  Bethell, Tom 512

  Bevan, Rear Richard Admiral 258, 268–9, 277, 301, 303

  Bey, Konteradmiral Erich 483–4, 486–92, 494–6, 502

  Bidlingmaier, Commander Gerhard 68, 71

  Bidwell, Lieutenant 258

  Bielfeld, Kapitänleutnant Heinz 193–4, 247–8, 250, 262, 365

  Billings, Lieutenant Roy 355–6

  biplanes 58, 59

  Birkett, Able Seaman Morris 554

  Birtwhistle, A. B. 577

  Bitmead, First Lieutenant, Jack 151, 154

  Björnstierna, Colonel Carl 214

  Bletchley Park, Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS): Enigma codebreaking 63, 66, 75, 76, 77, 163, 172, 226, 228–32, 234–5, 250, 256, 276, 416, 482, 488; JW51B and 416; JW55B and 482; Offizier messages 229–30; PQ12 and 66; PQ13 and 75, 76, 77; PQ15 and 163, 172; PQ17 and 226, 228–32, 234–5, 250, 256, 276; Scharnhorst and 488; Ultra messages and 63, 66

  Blockston, Charles 305

  Blohm & Voss 138 spy planes 18, 220, 446, 492, 520, 540

  Blue, Operation (1942) 175, 310, 322

  Board of Trade 246

  Boddam Whetham, Rear Admiral Edye 338, 344, 346

  Boddy, Lieutenant John 182

  Boekhoff, Matrosengefreiter (Ordinary Seaman) Helmut 509–10

  Bofors gun 97, 340, 354–5, 577

  Bogdanenko, Ivan 109

  Bogenbucht, Norway 232, 255

  Bohmann, Kapitänleutnant Heino 334

  Bonham Carter, Rear Admiral Stuart 124, 131, 133, 135, 136, 137, 151, 155, 156, 177, 181

  Booth, John 574

  Borger, Kapitänleutnant Wolfgang 546

  Borodin 389, 406, 407

  Boucher, Commodore Maitland 512–13

  Bovell, Captain Henry 66–8, 72

  Bowden, Rodney 561

  Boyd, Andrew 597–8

  Brackenbury, John 561

  Bradley, Leonard 141

  Breene, John 263

  Brekke, Sverre 94, 95–6

  Britain: Admiralty See Admiralty; Arctic, battle of and See Arctic, battle of; Arctic convoys and See convoys, Arctic; battles and operations See individual battle and operation name; British Army See British Army; British Mission, Moscow 330; Chiefs of Staff 37, 42, 123, 132, 175, 183, 468; Churchill’s leadership of See Churchill, Winston; codebreaking See codebreaking; Defence Committee 42, 308, 589, 590; Embassy, Paris 552; Fleet Air Arm See Fleet Air Arm; Royal Air Force See Royal Air Force; Royal Navy See Royal Navy; Secret Intelligence Service 214, 215, 222, 548; tanks for Russia campaign (1941) 38, 596; War Cabinet See War Cabinet, British

  British Army 227, 463, 589; 126 Base Unit 329; Royal Artillery Maritime Regiment 46. See also individual battle and operation name

  Brodda, Kapitänleutnant Heinrich 76

  Broome, Commander Jack 23, 26, 27, 221, 237–9, 240–42, 244

  Brünner, Oberleutnant Joachim 403–5

  Buckham, Bruce (‘Buck’) 550

  Buford, Otto 337

  Burnett, Gunner James 395, 402

  Burnett, Rear Admiral initially, and subsequently Vice Admiral, Robert: Barents Sea battle/JW51B and 411–12, 414, 416–17, 434–5, 482; JW51A and 411; North Cape battle/JW55B and 482–3, 487, 488–9, 491, 493, 495, 497; PQ18 and 332, 337, 346, 349–50, 356–7, 361; QP14 and 361, 362, 364–5, 373; Vice Admiral, promotion to 482; Scharnhorst sinking and 499, 506, 507

  Burras, Ordinary Seaman William 52

  Burrough, Rear Admiral Harold 160–61, 186–9, 196

  Butler, R. 554–5

  Byelushaya Bay (Guba Belush’ya), Russia 301

  Byrne, Austin ‘Titch’ 97–9, 103–5, 117, 119

  Campbell, Jimmy 103, 109, 122

  Campbell, Spurgeon ‘Spud’ 571–4

  Cape Teribersk 49–51

  Carini, Alfred 569, 574

  Carley raft 51, 272, 369, 372, 438, 525, 574, 578

  Carls, Generaladmiral Rolf 61–2, 65–6, 75–6, 256, 277, 306, 413

  Carraway, Ensign Howard 19–23, 28, 245–7, 257, 265–7, 299–300, 302, 328–9, 361

  Carter, William 247, 267, 315, 448–9, 451–5

  Casey, D. A. 130

  catapult aircraft merchant ship (CAM ship) 161, 168, 173, 189, 190, 203, 218, 280, 326, 606

  Catechism, Operation (1944) 549–52

  Channel Dash 55

  Chard, Sub-Lieutenant Rex 511

  Charlton, George 419

  Charlton, Harold 261–4, 278, 314

  Chiang Kai Shek 321

  Chilvers, Thomas 208

  Chin Wong 530–31

  Churchill, Lady Clementine 9, 324–5, 330, 476

  Churchill, Winston: Admiralty, previously First Lord of 6; Agreement for Joint Action (binding Britain and the Soviet Union, 1941) and 33; Allied seamen in north Russian ports, conditions of and 325, 330, 471–9, 481, 595; Atlantic Declaration (1941) and 36; Barbarossa Operation/German invasion of Soviet Union, reaction to 33–4; Battle of the Barents Sea and 5, 6; Far East, on consequences of favouring of Russia in preference to 591; First or Moscow Protocol (1941) and 39–42, 43–4, 160, 174, 310; frequency of Arctic convoys and 132–3, 160; Hopkins and 34, 36, 37; independent sailings and 378–9, 381; Maisky accuses of failing to keep his word concerning future convoys 5, 444–5; Moscow, visits (1942) 319–23, 330; number of ships included in each Arctic convoy and 160, 187; Pound and 228; PQ15 and 158; PQ16 and 185, 187; PQ17 and 18, 311, 323; PQ18 and 331; Second Protocol and 376; Singapore, fall of and 56; Stalin, first agrees to send aid to 33–8; Stalin’s ungracious reaction to aid convoys and 12; Stalingrad, Stalin informs of situation in 376; Source Operation and 471, 472–3; suspension/delay of convoys and 308–12, 320, 377–9, 408, 444–5, 457–8, 468, 472, 473–9, 481; Tirpitz sinking, reaction to 552; USSR naval and air forces support for Arctic convoys, pushes for 176, 468; vote of confidence in House of Commons, demands 56

  Ciliax, Befehlshaber der Schlachtschiffe (BdS – commander of battleships), Vizeadmiral Otto 57–8, 61–2, 65–6, 68, 70, 71

  Clark, 3rd Mate David 392, 394–6, 401–403

  Clark Kerr, Sir Archibald 320–22, 467, 469, 471, 473, 477

  Clarke, Captain Andrew 433

  Clarkson, Jeremy 3–4

  Clayton, Rear Admiral Jock 228, 235–6, 255

  Clouston, Lieutenant Commander Bill 501–2, 510, 512

  Clouston, Commander Campbell 501

  ‘Cobweb’ (agent) 215, 216, 223

  codebreaking, British: Bletchley Park and See Bletchley Park; Enigma and See Enigma; Offizier messages 229–30; Ultra and See Ultra

  Coffey, Benjamin 263

  Collins, William 97

  Colthurst, Commander Anthony 343, 349, 350

  Colvin, Richard 395

  convoys, Arctic: air attacks on See Fleet Air Arm and Luftwaffe; amount of aid delivered by Allies via northern route 588; cargo See individual type of cargo; casualty numbers 586–7; defence of See individual convoy and defence operation name; First or Moscow Protocol (1941) 39–44, 160, 174, 310, 311, 589, 591, 596, 597; frequency of 41, 43, 132–3, 160, 174–6; JW and RA prefix 411; lifeboats/survivors of sinkings See lifeboats and survivors; merchant ship losses and casualties 587; origins of 30–42; payment for military and non-military aid 41, 127, 134, 325; percentage of total aid sent from Western Hemisphere to Soviet Union via 599; routes 10–11, 31, 40–41, 49, 54–5, 57, 62, 65–6, 73, 75–6, 123, 131–2, 160, 163, 184, 309, 310, 379, 412, 451, 458, 471, 477, 534, 558, 568, 575, 585–6, 588, 591–5, 597–9; PQ and QP prefix 40; Russian propaganda denies need for aid supplied by Western Allies 377, 592–600; Russian war effort, influence of aid on 592–600, 599; Second Protocol of the Anglo-Soviet-American Conference (1942) 376–7, 588–9; suspension/delay of 10, 308–12, 319, 320, 377–80, 408, 411, 457, 458, 464, 467, 468, 473, 533, 588–9, 594–5, 599; Third Protocol of the Anglo-Soviet-American Conference (1943) 477, 588–9; tonnage carried 159, 160, 309, 458, 477, 588, 597–600, 599, 607; vessels, numbers lost/sunk 586, 588. See also individual convoy name

  convoys, Arctic or Russian:

  JW east going and origin of prefix 411

  JW51A (1942) 411

  JW51B (1942–3) 5, 408–43, 445

  JW53 (‘the forgotten convoy’, 1943) 464–5

  JW55A (1943) 480–81

  JW55B (1943–4) 480–515

  JW56A (1944) 516–20, 522

  JW56B (1944) 520–21

  JW57 (1944) 516, 521–6

  JW58 (1944) 526–9

  JW59 (1944) 533, 539–45

  JW61A (1944) 552–3

  JW62 (1944) 553–7

  JW64 (1945) 558–61, 567

  JW65 (1945) 575–9

  JW66 (1945) 575, 580

  Operation Dervish (1941) 30–3, 43

  PQ, east going and origin of prefix 40

  PQ1 (1941) 40, 43

  PQ2 (1941) 43

  PQ3 (1941) 43

  PQ4 (1941) 43

  PQ5 (1941) 43

  PQ6 (1941) 43

  PQ7 (1942) 54

  PQ8 (1942) 47–53, 54

  PQ12 (1942) 54–72, 73, 74, 77, 132, 234

  PQ13 (1942) 8, 73–122, 123, 127, 132, 142, 175, 176, 178, 241, 293, 326, 385, 513; arrival in Soviet Union 114–15; hospitals in Soviet Union and 116–22; in the lifeboats of SS Raceland, SS Effingham and SS Induna 102–13, 121; sinking of SS Induna and SS Effingham 92–101; Trinidad shoots itself 73–91

  PQ14 (1942) 123–31, 132–3, 174

  PQ15 (1942) 132, 133, 134, 158–73, 174, 175, 183, 186

  PQ16 (1942) 183–211, 212, 246, 247, 274; air raid and first sinking 183–95; arrival in northern Russia 212, 213; formation 611; Luftwaffe hit 9 ships (6 sink) 196–211, 214, 220

  PQ17 (1942) 212–67, 268, 269, 274, 277–312, 334; Admiralty and 222–3, 226–39, 250, 255, 256, 260, 261, 265, 279, 300, 303, 308; Archangel hospitality and 313–18; casualty numbers 252, 311, 341; Cobweb and 215–16, 223; convoy scatters (4–5 July) 240–54; Enigma blackout (4 July) and 224–39, 417; first Novaya Zemlya to White Sea convoy (7–15 July) 288–98; formation 610; HMS Lotus’ rescue mission (5 July) 255–9; lax security 216–17; making for Novaya Zemlya (6–7 July) 277–87; Pound’s scatter order 3–4, 213, 236–9, 240–48, 251, 252, 257, 260, 302, 306, 310, 407, 587–8; rescue survivors, 6 July 1942 order that efforts should be made to 260–61, 278, 303; River Afton sinking (5 July) 260–67; Rösselsprung (Knight’s Move) and 214, 256–7, 277–8; sailing of convoy (27 June) 212–23; 2nd Novaya Zemlya to Archangel convoy (6–24 July) 299–312; ships sunk, number of 303; Stalin reaction to 4, 5, 18, 292, 308, 309, 310–11, 312, 323; The Destruction of PQ17 (Irving) 235–6, 238, 240

  PQ18 (1942) 5, 11, 331–58; EV Operation (protection of PQ18 and QP14) and 332; formation 332, 612–13; mass attack by Luftwaffe (13 September) 331–45; massed air attack (14 September) 346–58; sets out from Loch Ewe 333–4; size of 332