Pashto

  • Afghanistan (with Dari)

  • Pakistan (majority language of the NWFP but has no official status)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  503

  Persian (Farsi)

  • Iran

  • Afghanistan (called Dari Persian in Afghanistan, with Pashto)

  • Tajikistan (called Tajik Persian in Tajikistan)

  Polish

  • Poland

  Portuguese

  • Angola

  • Brazil

  • Cape Verde

  • East Timor (with Tetum)

  • Guinea-Bissau

  • Part of the People’s Republic of China

  • Macau (with Chinese)

  • Mozambique

  • Portugal

  • São Tomé and Príncipe

  Punjabi

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  • Punjab

  • Delhi

  • Pakistan (with English, Pothowari, Urdu, Kashmiri [Koshur], Pashto,

  Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, and Brahui; Dogri is also spoken in part of

  the Rawalpindi district)

  Quechua

  • Bolivia (with Spanish and Aymara)

  • Peru (with Spanish and Aymara)

  Romanian

  • Romania

  • Moldova (officially called Moldovan, although identical to Romanian

  according to the law of Moldova)

  504

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Part of Serbia

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovak, and

  Ruthenian)

  Rhaeto-Romansh

  • Switzerland (with German, French, and Italian)—Graubünden (with

  German and Italian)

  Russian

  • Russia (in some regions together with regional languages)

  • Abkhazia (with Abkhaz—independence disputed)

  • Belarus (with Belarusian)

  • Kazakhstan (with Kazakh)

  • Kyrgyzstan (with Kyrgyz)

  • Moldova (with Moldovan, Ukrainian, and Gagauz)

  • South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Georgian—independence disputed)

  Sanskrit

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  Serbian

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian, Croatian)

  • Serbia

  • Kosovo (independence disputed, with Albanian)

  Shona

  • Zimbabwe (with English and Ndebele)

  Sindhi

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  • Pakistan (official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu

  and English)

  Sinhala

  • Sri Lanka (with Tamil and with English as a link language)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  505

  Slovak

  • Slovakia

  • Part of Serbia

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian, and

  Ruthenian)

  Slovene

  • Slovenia

  • Part of Italy

  • Friuli–Venezia Giulia (with Italian)

  • Part of Austria

  • Carinthia (with German)

  Somali

  • Somalia

  Sotho

  • Lesotho (with English)

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)

  Spanish

  • Argentina

  • Bolivia (with Aymara and Quechua)

  • Chile

  • Colombia

  • Costa Rica

  • Cuba

  • Dominican Republic

  • Ecuador

  • El Salvador

  • Equatorial Guinea (with French and Portuguese)

  • Guatemala

  • Honduras

  • Mexico (de facto) (with Mayan and Náhuatl)

  • Nicaragua

  • Panama

  506

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Paraguay (with Guaraní)

  • Peru (with Aymara and Quechua)

  • Puerto Rico (with English)

  • Spain (Aranese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician are co-official in

  some regions)

  • Uruguay

  • Venezuela

  Swahili

  • Kenya (with English)

  • Tanzania (de facto)

  • Uganda (since 2005, with English)

  Swati

  • Swaziland (with English)

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)

  Swedish

  • Sweden

  • Finland (with Finnish)

  • Åland (monolingual Swedish) (an autonomous province under

  Finnish sovereignty)

  Tajik

  • Tajikistan

  • Part of the People’s Republic of China

  • Taxkorgan (with Chinese [Mandarin])

  Tamil

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands

  • Pondicherry

  • Tamil Nadu

  • Singapore (with English, Chinese, and Malay)

  • Sri Lanka (with Sinhala and with English as a link language)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  507

  Telugu

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  • Andhra Pradesh

  • Pondicherry

  Tetum

  • East Timor (with Portuguese)

  Thai

  • Thailand

  Tok Pisin

  • Papua New Guinea (with English and Hiri Motu)

  Tsonga

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)

  Tswana

  • Botswana (with English)

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, and Zulu)

  Turkish

  • Turkey

  • Cyprus (with Greek)

  Turkmen

  • Turkmenistan

  Ukrainian

  • Ukraine

  • Moldova (with Moldovan, Russian, and Gagauz)

  508

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  Urdu

  • India (with 22 other official languages)

  • Jammu and Kashmir

  • Delhi territory

  • Uttar Pradesh state

  • Pakistan (with English, Pothowari, Punjabi, Kashmiri [Koshur],

  Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, Balochi, and Brahui)

  • Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as

  Hindustani as an umbrella term to cover Urdu, as well as Hindi)

  Uzbek

  • Uzbekistan

  Venda

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, and Zulu)

  Vietnamese

  • Vietnam

  Welsh

  • United Kingdom (Wales, with English)

  Xhosa

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, and Zulu)

  Yiddish

  • Russia (only in Jewish autonomous Oblast, with Russian)

  Zulu

  • South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho,

  Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, and Xhosa)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  509

  List of Languages by State and Language Spoken

  Recognized States

  • Afghanistan

  • Pashto (statewide; official)

  • Dari (statewide; official)

  • Uzbek (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken by

  majority of population)

  • Turkmen (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken

  by majority of population)

  • Pashai (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken by

  majority of population)

  • Nuristani (statewide; third official language in areas where

  spoken by majority of population)

  • Balochi (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken

  by majority of population)

  • Pamiri (statewide; third official language in areas where spoken

  by majority of population)

  • Albania: Albanian (based on Tosk dialect)

  • Algeria

  • Arabic (official and national)

  • Tamazight (national)

  • French (de facto official)

  • Andorra (languages of Andorra): Catalan

  • Angola: Portuguese

  • Antigua and Barbuda: English (de facto official)

  • Argentina

  • Spanish

  • Guarani (Corrientes)

  • Armenia: Armenian

  • Australia: No official language; English is the de facto official language

  • Austria

  • German (official statewide)

  • Croatian (official in Burgenland in areas where live Austrians of

  the Croat minority; statewide minority language)

  • Slovene (official in Carinthia and Styria in areas where

  live Austrians of the Slovene minority; statewide minority

  language)

  • Czech (statewide minority language)

  • Hungarian (in Burgenland; statewide minority language)

  • Slovak (statewide minority language)

  • Romani (statewide minority language)

  510

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani

  • Bahamas: English

  • Bahrain: Arabic

  • Bangladesh: Bengali

  • Barbados: English

  • Belarus

  • Belarusian

  • Russian

  • Belgium (languages of Belgium)

  • Dutch

  • French

  • German

  • Belize: English

  • Benin: French

  • Bhutan: Dzongkha

  • Bolivia

  • Spanish

  • Aymara

  • Quechua

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Bosnian

  • Croatian

  • Serbian

  • Botswana

  • English

  • Tswana (national)

  • Brazil: Portuguese

  • Brunei: Malay

  • Bulgaria: Bulgarian

  • Burkina Faso

  • French

  • Fula (national)

  • Jula (national)

  • More (national)

  • Burundi

  • French

  • Kirundi

  • Cambodia: Khmer

  • Cameroon

  • English

  • French

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  511

  • Canada

  • English (national)

  − Official provincial language of New Brunswick

  • French (national)

  − Official provincial language of Quebec and New Brunswick

  • Chipewyan (Dëne Sųłiné) (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Cree (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Dogrib (Tłįcho˛) (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Gwich’in (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Inuinnaqtun (in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

  • Inuktitut (in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut)

  • Inuvialuktun (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Slavey (in the Northwest Territories)

  • Cape Verde

  • Portuguese (official)

  • Cape Verdean Creole (national)

  • Central African Republic

  • French

  • Sango (national)

  • Chad

  • Arabic

  • French

  • Chile: Spanish

  • People’s Republic of China

  • Chinese

  − Written: Simplified Chinese statewide, traditional Chinese

  de facto in Hong Kong and Macau

  − Spoken: Mandarin statewide, Cantonese de facto in

  Hong Kong and Macau

  • English (in Hong Kong)

  • Portuguese (in Macau)

  • Kazakh (in Ili Kazakh, Xinjiang)

  • Korean (in Changbai and Yanbian, Jilin)

  • Mongolian (in Inner Mongolia)

  • Tajik (in Taxkorgan, Xinjiang)

  • Tibetan (in Tibet)

  • Uyghur (in Xinjiang)

  • Zhuang (in Guangxi)

  • Colombia: Spanish (The languages and dialects of ethnic groups are

  also official in their territories)

  • Comoros

  • Arabic

  512

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Comorian

  • French

  • Democratic Republic of the Congo

  • French

  • Lingala (national)

  • Kikongo (national)

  • Swahili (national)

  • Tshiluba (national)

  • Republic of the Congo

  • French

  • Lingala (national)

  • Munukutuba (national)

  • Costa Rica: Spanish

  • Côte d’Ivoire: French

  • Croatia

  • Croatian (statewide)

  • Italian (in Istria)

  • Cuba: Spanish

  • Cyprus

  • Greek

  • Turkish

  • Czech Republic: Czech

  • Denmark

  • Danish (statewide)

  • Faroese (in the Faroe Islands)

  • German (protected minority language in South Jutland)

  • Kalaallisut (in Greenland)

  • Djibouti

  • Arabic

  • French

  • Dominica: English

  • Dominican Republic: Spanish

  • East Timor

  • Portuguese

  • Tetum

  • Ecuador: Spanish (Quechua or Kichwa and Shuar are official

  languages of intercultural relations; ancient languages are official in

  their territories)

  • Egypt: Arabic

  • El Salvador: Spanish

  • Equatorial Guinea

  • Spanish

  • French

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  513

  • Eritrea

  • Arabic (working language)

  • Tigrinya (working language)

  • Estonia: Estonian

  • Ethiopia: Amharic

  • Fiji

  • English

  • Fijian

  • Hindustani

  • Finland

  • Finnish (statewide, except in the Åland Islands)

  • Swedish (statewide; in the Åland Islands where Swedish is spoken

  monolingually)

  • Sami (minority language in Enontekiö, Inari, Sodankylä, and

  Utsjoki)

  • France (and overseas departments and territories): French

  • Gabon: French

  • Gambia: English

  • Georgia

  • Abkhaz (in Abkhazia)

  • Georgian (statewide, except in Abkhazia and South Ossetia)

  • Ossetic (in South Ossetia)

  • Russian (in Abkhazia and South Ossetia)

  • Germany

  • No official language nationwide; German is the de facto official

  language and the national language

  • Danish (in Schleswig-Holstein; minority language)

  • Lower Sorbian (in Brandenburg; minority language)

  • North Frisian (in Schleswig-Holstein; minority language)

  • Romani (in Hesse)

  • Saterland Frisian (in Lower Saxony; minority language)

  • Upper Sorbian (in Saxony) (minority language)

  • Ghana

  • Adangme (in Greater Accra)

  • Dagaare (in the Upper Western Region)

  • Dagbani (in the Northern Region)

  • English (statewide)

  • Ewe (in the Volta Region)

  • Ga (in Greater Accra)

  • Gonja (in the Northern Region)

  • Kasem (in the Upper Eastern Region)

  • Nzema (in the Western Region)

  • Twi (in Akuapem, Akyem, Ashanti, Fanteakwa, Fante, and Kwahu)

  514

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Greece: Greek

  • Grenada: English

  • Guatemala: Spanish

  • Guinea

  • French

  • Fula (national)

  • Maninka (national)

  • Susu (national)

  • Guinea-Bissau: Portuguese

  • Guyana: English

  • Haiti

  • French

  • Haitian Creole

  • Honduras: Spanish

  • Hungary: Hungarian

  • Iceland: Icelandic

  • India

  • Assamese (in Assam)

  • Bengali (in Tripura and West Bengal)

  • Bhojpuri (in Bihar)

  • Bodo (in Assam)

  • Chhattisgarhi (in Chhattisgarh)

  • Dogri (in Jammu and Kashmir)

  • English (statewide)

  • French (in Pondicherry)

  • Garo (in Meghalaya)

  • Gujarati (in Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, and Gujarat)

  • Hindi (central government and most of the states)

  • Kannada (in Karnataka)

  • Karbi (in Assam)

  • Kashmiri (in Jammu and Kashmir)

  • Khasi (in Meghalaya)

  • Kokborok (in Tripura)

  • Konkani (in Goa)

  • Magadhi (only in Bihar)

  • Maithili (in Bihar)

  • Malayalam (in Kerala, Pondicherry, and Lakshadweep)

  • Meitei (in Manipur)

  • Marathi (in Maharashtra, Goa)

  • Mizo (in Mizoram)

  • Nepali (in Sikkim)

  • Nicobarese (in Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

  • Oriya (in Orissa)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  515

  • Pahari (in Himachal Pradesh)

  • Portuguese (in Diu and Goa)

  • Punjabi (in Punjab, Haryana, and Chandigarh)

  • Rajasthani (in Rajasthan)

  • Sanskrit (statewide)