• Santali (in Jharkhand)

  • Sindhi (Sindhi community/people dependent)

  • Tamil (in Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and

  Pondicherry)

  • Telugu (in Andhra Pradesh and Pondicherry)

  • Urdu (in Jammu and Kashmir)

  • Indonesia: Indonesian

  • Iran: Persian

  • Iraq

  • Arabic (statewide)

  • Kurdish (in the Kurdish autonomous region)

  • Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (in Assyrian areas)

  • Iraqi Turkmen (in Turkmen areas)

  • Ireland (Languages of Ireland)

  • Irish (national)

  • English (national)

  • Israel

  • Hebrew

  • English

  • Arabic

  • Italy

  • Italian (statewide)

  • Albanian (in some parts of Southern Italy)

  • Catalan (in Alghero, Sardinia)

  • Croatian (in Montemitro and Acquaviva Collecroce and

  San Felice, Molise)

  • French (in Aosta Valley)

  • Friulian (in Friuli)

  • German (in Alto Adige/Südtirol)

  • Greek (in some parts of Apulia and Calabria)

  • Ladin (in some parts of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)

  • Slovene (in some parts of Friuli-Venezia Giulia)

  • Jamaica: English

  • Japan

  • Japanese

  • Ryukyuan (minority language)

  • Ainu (minority language)

  • Korean (minority language)

  516

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Jordan: Arabic

  • Kazakhstan

  • Kazakh (national)

  • Russian

  • Kenya

  • English

  • Swahili (national)

  • Kiribati

  • English

  • Kiribati (national)

  • North Korea: Korean

  • South Korea: Korean

  • Kuwait: Arabic

  • Kyrgyzstan

  • Kirghiz (national)

  • Russian

  • Laos: Lao

  • Latvia

  • Latvian

  • Latgalian

  • Lebanon

  • Arabic

  • French

  • English

  • Armenian

  • Lesotho

  • English

  • Sotho (national)

  • Liberia: English

  • Libya: Arabic

  • Liechtenstein: German

  • Lithuania: Lithuanian

  • Luxembourg

  • French

  • German

  • Luxembourgish (national)

  • Macedonia

  • Macedonian (statewide)

  • Albanian

  • Turkish

  • Madagascar

  • French

  • English

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  517

  • Malagasy (national)

  • Malawi

  • Chichewa (national)

  • English

  • Malaysia: Malay (national)

  • Maldives: Dhivehi

  • Mali: French

  • Malta

  • Maltese (national)

  • English

  • Italian

  • Marshall Islands

  • English

  • Marshallese (national)

  • Mauritania

  • Arabic (national)

  • French

  • Fula (national)

  • Soninke (national)

  • Wolof (national)

  • Mauritius

  • English

  • French (de facto, lingua franca)

  • Mauritian Creole

  • Mexico: No official language; Spanish is the de facto official language

  • Federated States of Micronesia

  • Chuukese (in Chuuk)

  • English (statewide except in Kosrae, where it has a constitutionally

  protected associate status)

  • Kosraean (in Kosrae)

  • Pohnpeian (in Pohnpei)

  • Ulithian (in Yap)

  • Yapese (in Yap)

  • Moldova

  • Gagauz (in Gagauzia)

  • Moldovan (or Romanian; statewide)

  • Russian (in Gagauzia and Transnistria)

  • Ukrainian (in Transnistria)

  • Monaco: French

  • Mongolia: Mongolian

  • Montenegro

  • Montenegrin (national)

  • Bosnian

  518

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Croatian (in Tivat)

  • Serbian (in Herceg Novi)

  • Albanian (in Ulcinj)

  • Morocco: Arabic

  • Mozambique: Portuguese

  • Myanmar (Burma): Burmese

  • Namibia: English

  • Nauru

  • English

  • Nauruan

  • Nepal: Nepali

  • Netherlands

  • No official language nationwide; Dutch is the de facto official lan-

  guage and the national language

  • English (on Netherlands Antilles)

  • West Frisian (in Friesland)

  • Limburgish (regional language)

  • Low Saxon (regional language)

  • Papiamento (on Aruba, Netherlands Antilles)

  • New Zealand

  • English is a de facto official language (statewide)

  • Maori (statewide)

  • NZSL (New Zealand deaf community)

  • Cook Islands Maori (in the Cook Islands)

  • Niuean (in Niue)

  • Tokelauan (in Tokelau)

  • Nicaragua: Spanish

  • Niger: French

  • Nigeria

  • English

  • Hausa (national)

  • Yoruba (national)

  • Igbo (national)

  • Norway (languages of Norway)

  • Norwegian (statewide; Bokmål and Nynorsk are the official

  forms, and municipalities choose between them or a neutral

  stance)

  • Sami (indigenous language in vast areas from Engerdal to the

  Russian border, official administrative language in Kautokeino,

  Karasjok, Gáivuotna-Kåfjord, Nesseby, Porsanger, Tana, Tysfjord,

  and Snåsa)

  • Kven (national minority language, administrative language in

  Porsanger)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  519

  • Romani (national minority language)

  • Scandoromani (national minority language)

  • Oman: Arabic

  • Pakistan

  • Urdu (national language)

  • English (official language)

  • Balochi (provincial language)

  • Pashto (provincial language)

  • Punjabi (provincial language)

  • Sindhi (provincial language)

  • Palau

  • English (statewide)

  • Palauan (statewide)

  • Sonsorolese (in Sonsorol)

  • Tobian (in Hatohobei)

  • Angaur (in Angaur)

  • Japanese (in Angaur)

  • Palestinian Authority: Arabic

  • Panama: Spanish

  • Papua New Guinea

  • English

  • Hiri Motu

  • Tok Pisin

  • Paraguay

  • Spanish

  • Guaraní

  • Peru

  • Spanish

  • Aymara

  • Quechua

  • All native languages in areas where they are spoken by the major-

  ity of people

  • Philippines

  • Arabic (recognized as voluntary and optional statewide)

  • Bikol Central (in Luzon)

  • Cebuano (in Visayas and Mindanao)

  • English (statewide)

  • Filipino (statewide) (national)

  • Hiligaynon (in Visayas and Mindanao)

  • Ilokano (in Luzon)

  • Kapampangan (in Luzon)

  • Kinaray-a (in the Visayas)

  520

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Maranao (in Mindanao)

  • Maguindanao (in Mindanao)

  • Pangasinan (in Luzon)

  • Spanish (recognized as voluntary and optional statewide)

  • Tagalog (in Luzon)

  • Tausug (in Mindanao)

  • Waray-Waray (in the Visayas)

  • Poland

  • Polish (sole official language of state)

  • Kashubian (recognized regional language and auxiliary language

  in part of Pomeranian Voivodeship)

  • German (minority language and auxiliary language in part of

  Opole Voivodeship)

  • Lithuania (minority language and auxiliary language in Puńsk

  commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship)

  • Belorussian (minority language and auxiliary language in

  Hajnówka commune, Podlaskie Voivodeship)

  • Portugal (languages of Portugal)

  • Portuguese

  • Mirandese (regional, in Miranda do Douro)

  • Qatar: Arabic

  • Romania: Romanian

  • Russia (languages of Russia)

  • Russian (federal)

  • Abaza (in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic)

  • Adyghe (in the Republic of Adygea)

  • Agul (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Altay (in the Altai Republic)

  • Avar (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Azerbaijani (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Bashkir (in the Republic of Bashkortostan)

  • Buryat (in Buryat Republic)

  • Chechen (in the Chechen Republic and Republic of Dagestan)

  • Chuvash (in the Chuvash Republic)

  • Dargin (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Erzya (in the Republic of Mordovia)

  • Ingush (in the Republic of Ingushetia)

  • Kabardian (in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic and Karachay-

  Cherkess Republic)

  • Kalmyk (in the Republic of Kalmykia)

  • Karachay-Balkar (in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic and

  Karachay-Cherkess Republic)

  • Khakas (in the Republic of Khakassia)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  521

  • Komi-Zyrian (in the Komi Republic)

  • Kumyk (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Lak (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Lezgian (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Mari (in the Mari El Republic)

  • Moksha (in the Republic of Mordovia)

  • Nogai (in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic and in the Republic of

  Dagestan)

  • Ossetic (in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania)

  • Rutul (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Sakha (in the Sakha Republic)

  • Tabasaran (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Tatar (in the Republic of Tatarstan)

  • Tati (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Tsakhur (in the Republic of Dagestan)

  • Tuvin (in the Tuva Republic)

  • Udmurt (in the Republic of Udmurtia)

  • Rwanda

  • English

  • French

  • Kinyarwanda

  • Saint Kitts and Nevis: English

  • Saint Lucia: English

  • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: English

  • Samoa

  • English

  • Samoan (national)

  • San Marino: Italian

  • São Tomé and Príncipe: Portuguese

  • Saudi Arabia: Arabic

  • Senegal

  • French

  • Jola-Fogny (national)

  • Malinke (national)

  • Mandinka (national)

  • Pulaar (national)

  • Serer-Sine (national)

  • Wolof (national)

  • Serbia

  • Serbian (statewide)

  • Albanian (in Kosovo and some municipalities in southern Serbia)

  • Bosniak (in municipalities of Sandzak)

  • Croatian (in Vojvodina)

  522

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Hungarian (in Vojvodina)

  • Romanian (in Vojvodina)

  • Rusyn (in Vojvodina)

  • Slovak (in Vojvodina)

  • Seychelles

  • English

  • French

  • Seychellois Creole

  • Sierra Leone: English

  • Singapore

  • English

  • Malay (national)

  • Chinese ( written: simplified Chinese; spoken: Mandarin)

  • Tamil

  • Slovakia

  • Slovak

  • Hungarian (minority, in southern Slovakia)

  • Slovenia

  • Hungarian ( minority language in Dubrovnik , Hodoš, and Lendava)

  • Italian (minority language in Izola, Koper, and Piran)

  • Slovene (statewide)

  • Solomon Islands: English

  • Somalia

  • Somali is the de facto official language and the national

  language

  • Italian spoken by dying few

  • Arabic not spoken, only to read Quran

  • South Africa

  • Afrikaans

  • English

  • Ndebele

  • Northern Sotho

  • Sotho

  • Swazi

  • Tsonga

  • Tswana

  • Venda

  • Xhosa

  • Zulu

  • Spain

  • Spanish (statewide)

  • Catalan (in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, and Valencia)

  • Galician (in Galicia)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  523

  • Basque (in Basque Country and Navarre)

  • Occitan (in Catalonia)

  • Sri Lanka

  • Sinhala

  • Tamil

  • Sudan

  • Arabic

  • English

  • Suriname: Dutch

  • Swaziland

  • English

  • Swazi

  • Sweden

  • No official language statewide; Swedish is the de facto official

  language. As of July 1, 2009, Swedish is the official language

  de jure

  • Finnish (in Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå, and the surrounding areas; minority language)

  • Meänkieli (in Gällivare, Haparanda, Kiruna, Pajala, Övertorneå, and the surrounding areas; minority language)

  • Romani (historical minority language)

  • Sami (in Arjeplog, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Kiruna, and the surrounding areas; minority language)

  • Yiddish (historical minority language)

  • Switzerland

  • German (in Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Appenzell

  Innerrhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg,

  Glarus, Graubünden, Lucerne, Nidwalden, Obwalden, St. Gallen,

  Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Uri, Valais, Zug, and

  Zürich)

  • French (in Bern, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais, and

  Vaud)

  • Italian (in Ticino and Graubünden)

  • Romansh (in Graubünden)

  • Syria: Arabic

  • Tajikistan: Tajik

  • Tanzania: Swahili (national)

  • Thailand: Thai

  • Togo: French

  • Tonga

  • English

  • Tongan (national)

  • Trinidad and Tobago: English

  524

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  • Tunisia

  • Arabic (national)

  • French

  • Turkey: Turkish

  • Turkmenistan: Turkmen

  • Tuvalu

  • English

  • Tuvaluan (national)

  • Uganda

  • English

  • Swahili (national)

  • Ukraine

  • Ukrainian

  • Russian (regional in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk, Kherson, Mykolaiv,

  Odessa Oblasts, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea)

  • Hungarian (regional in parts of Zakarpattia Oblast)

  • United Arab Emirates: Arabic

  • United Kingdom

  • English, with the following specifications:

  − English (in Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Indian Ocean

  Territory, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands,

  the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Montserrat,

  Northern Ireland [de facto], the Pitcairn Islands, Saint

  Helena, and Turks and Caicos Islands)

  − Cornish (minority language in Cornwall)

  − Dgèrnésiais (in Guernsey)

  − French (in Guernsey and Jersey)

  − Irish (in Northern Ireland)

  − Jèrriais (in Jersey)

  − Pitcairnese (in the Pitcairn Islands)

  − Scots (minority language in Northern Ireland and Scotland)

  − Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland)

  − Welsh (in Wales)

  • United States

  • No official language nationwide; English is the de facto official

  language

  − Carolinian (regional language in the Northern Mariana Islands)

  − Chamorro (regional language in Guam and the Northern

  Mariana Islands)

  − French (regional language in parts of Louisiana and Maine)

  − Hawaiian (regional language in Hawaii)

  − Samoan (regional language in American Samoa)

  − Spanish (regional language in Puerto Rico and New Mexico)

  Appendix E: Lists of Most Common Languages

  525

  • Uruguay: Spanish

  • Uzbekistan: Uzbek

  • Vanuatu

  • Bislama (national)

  • English

  • French

  • Vatican City: No official language; Italian is the de facto official

  language

  • Venezuela: Spanish

  • Vietnam: Vietnamese

  • Western Sahara (SADR) (Western Sahara): Arabic

  • Yemen: Arabic