“to make all the necessary arrangements” Hay and Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, 3:412.

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  “A strange state of things” Johnson, Lincoln’s First Crisis, 353.

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  “ ‘aid and comfort’ ” Hay and Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, 3:412; McPherson, Battle Cry, 822.

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  Fort Sumter: Any Minute Now

  “imprisonment” Anderson to Thomas, April 2, 1861, WOTR, 1:232.

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  “I have the honor to report” Anderson to Thomas, April 1, 1861, WOTR, 1:230.

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  On the afternoon of Wednesday My account of the Rhoda H. Shannon incident derives mainly from the following sources: Truman Seymour and G. W. Snyder to Anderson, April 3, 1861, WOTR, 1:237–38; John G. Foster to Joseph G. Totten, April 5, 1861, WOTR, 1:243; Foster to Totten, April 4, 1861, WOTR, 1:239–40; Doubleday, Reminiscences, 136.

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  “in a boat with a white flag” Doubleday, Reminiscences, 136.

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  “that the weather was too boisterous” Snyder to Anderson, April 4, 1861, WOTR, 1:241–42.

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  “peremptory orders had been sent” Ibid.

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  “In amplifying his instructions” Doubleday, Reminiscences, 136–37.

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  “I regard this” Samuel Wylie Crawford, “Journal of Samuel Wylie Crawford,” April 6, 1861, Crawford Papers.

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  “in the saddle” Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 41n8; Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 54n3.

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  “Like Fitz-James” Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 41.

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  “But the supper was a consolation” Ibid.

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  “A ship was fired into yesterday” Ibid.

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  Washington: The Correspondent

  “They have the idea” Russell, My Diary, 58.

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  Gautier was known DeFerrari, “How Sweet It Was.”

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  “Whether it be in consequence” Russell, My Diary, 61–62.

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  “The man who dares tamper” Ibid., 62. According to Southern custom, if a woman committed a duel-worthy offense, she could not be challenged to a duel—but her husband could be. Walther, William Lowndes Yancey, 158.

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  “a slight blow at first” Ibid., 63. Their account is utterly contradicted by Brooks’s own account. See Robert L. Meriwether, “Preston Brooks on the Caning of Charles Sumner,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 52, no. 1 (January 1951). “Every lick went where I intended,” Brooks wrote. “For about the first five or six licks he offered to make fight but I plied him so rapidly that he did not touch me. Towards the last he bellowed like a calf. I wore my cane out completely but saved the Head which is gold.”

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  “The gentlemen at table” Russell, My Diary, 62.

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  as being “in every respect” Ibid., 64.

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  “When the Southern States” Ibid., 66.

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  “As matters look very threatening” Ibid., 64.

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  Washington: Conflict

  “by suffering him” Crawford to Beauregard, April 1, 1861, enclosed with Beauregard to Walker, April 1, 1861, WOTR, 1:283–84; Johnson,”Fort Sumter and Confederate Diplomacy,” 466.

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  “I cannot but think” Anderson to Thomas, April 5, 1861, WOTR, 1:241.

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  “some anxiety” Lincoln, Collected Works, 4:321–22.

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  Montgomery and Richmond: Suspense

  “The citizen of the Southern states” Franklin, Militant South, 67.

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  “The war wing presses” Martin Crawford and A. B. Roman to Robert Toombs, April 2, 1861, WOTR, 1:284.

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  “watchful vigilance” Walker to Beauregard, April 2, 1861, WOTR, 1:285.

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  Mary’s diary Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 53, 54, 55.

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  “This is worse than I supposed” Ruffin, Diary, 1:578.

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  Washington: Fatal Error

  “He looked first” Hay and Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, 4:5; Welles, Civil War Diary, 654.

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  The steamer did catch up Hay and Nicolay, Abraham Lincoln, 4:6; Johnson, Lincoln’s First Crisis, 275; Swanberg, First Blood, 258. David Dixon Porter offers a lengthy if one-sided account of the Fort Pickens expedition in his “Journal of D. D. Porter,” 85-94, Porter Papers.

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  “The great disappointment” Johnson, Lincoln’s First Crisis, 275; Porter, “Journal,” 92.

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  Charleston: The Petrel’s Delight

  “The bad weather continues” Brevard, Plantation Mistress, 112, 113. John G. Foster to Joseph G. Totten, April 5, 1861, WOTR, 1:243; Foster to Totten, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:293; Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 42; Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 55.

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  “Yesterday it rained” Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 55–56; Foster to Totten, April 8, 1861, 1:293.

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  She made the rounds Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 42; Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 55–56; Foster to Totten, April 8, 1861, 1:293.

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  “The air is too full” Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 43; variation at Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 55–56.

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  “News so warlike” Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 56.

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  “the only thoroughly happy” Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 44.

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  “in consequence of the delays” Beauregard to Anderson, April 7, 1861, WOTR, 1:248.

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  The Atlantic: Storm

  The blast shattered John G. Foster, Engineer Journal, April 9, 1861, WOTR, 1:16.

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  “The discovery of this battery” Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 383.

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  “This, of course, was much less dangerous” Doubleday, Reminiscences, 140.

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  “well or ill founded” Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 340.

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  “Faith as to Sumter” Ibid.

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  Fort Sumter: Confession

  “you will be pleased to destroy it” Anderson to Thomas, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:293, 294.

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  Washington: Dismay and Dishonor

  “The Secretary of State understands” Davis, Messages and Papers, 84–98; Seward, Seward at Washington, 531.

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  “delusions” Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 343.

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  “beyond the simple acknowledgement” Seward, Seward at Washington, 538; Davis, Messages and Papers, 93; Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 343.

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  “I am directed by the President” Pickens and Beauregard, memorandum reporting Lincoln’s resupply notice, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:291.

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  “peremptorily refused” Talbot to Simon Cameron, April 12, 1861, WOTR, 1:251.

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  “Authorized messenger from Lincoln” Beauregard to Walker, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:289.

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  “Under no circumstances” Walker to Beauregard, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:289; Talbot to Cameron, April 12, 1861, 1:251. See also a series of brief communiqués between Confederate officials in WOTR, 1:289–91.

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  Alarmed, he wrote to the general Anderson to Beauregard, April 9, 1861, WOTR, 1:250; Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 383.

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  Charleston and Montgomery: Suspicion

  “My going on this occasion” Ruffin, Diary, 1:583–84.

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  “Mr. Ruffin insisted” Ringold and Young, “William Gourdin Young,” 29. See also William Gourdin Young, “Reminiscences,” DeSaussure Papers.

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  “I could see no more” Ruffin, Diary, 1:584.

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  “The Palmetto Guard” Ibid., 1:586.

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  “actual military operations” Ibid., 1:585.

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  “a standing menace” Davis, Messages and Papers, 73.

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  This “so-called notification” Johnson, “Fort Sumter and Confederate Diplomacy,” 474; Pickens and Beauregard, memorandum reporting Lincoln’s resupply notice, April 8, 1861, WOTR, 1:291.

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  “Mr. President,” he said Nevins, War for the Union, 68; see variation in Dodd, Jefferson Davis, 234.

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  “greater than any” Johnson, “Fort Sumter and Confederate Diplomacy,” 476; Dodd, Jefferson Davis, 234; Johnson, Lincoln’s First Crisis, 215; Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 421.

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  Charleston: Perfidy

  “I did this because” Pickens to Walker, April 9, 1861, WOTR, 1:292.

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  “No,” Magrath said Crawford, Genesis of the Civil War, 384, 385.

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  “He ought to have thought of that” Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 45.

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  “You see that the present scheme” Pickens to Davis, April 9, 1861, WOTR, 1:292.

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  “I trust we are ready” Ibid.

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  Charleston: Rumor and Cannon Fire

  “thinking nothing could induce” Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 56.

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  “I immediately told Mr. C” Ibid., 57; Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 43.

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  “There was a sound of revelry” Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 57.

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  “All was stir and confusion” Ibid.; Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 43.

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  “blanched face and streaming” Chesnut, Private Mary Chesnut, 57.

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  “to tell me that Pickens” Ibid.

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  “Of course no sleep” Ibid.

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  “The people of the city” Ruffin, Diary, 1:583.

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  Part VII: Fire!

  Fort Sumter: Preparations

  “The Major counsels economy” Samuel Wylie Crawford, “Journal of Samuel Wylie Crawford,” April 10, 1861, Crawford Papers.

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  Doubleday found a potato Crawford, “Journal,” April 11, 1861.

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  Four Telegrams

  “If you have no doubt” For all four telegrams, see WOTR, 1:297.

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  Charleston: Confusion

  “are not in as complete” Beauregard to Walker, April 11, 1861, WOTR, 1:300–301.

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  “some 290 indifferent artillerymen” Ripley to S. W. Ferguson, March 6, 1861, WOTR, 1:264.

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  “This is one of those moments” Beauregard to R.G.M. Dunovant, April 10, 1861, WOTR, 1:300.

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  on a night this dark Hartstene to Beauregard, April 10, 1861, WOTR, 1:299.

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  “I am expected to be” Whiting to Beauregard, April 11, 1861, WOTR, 1:302.

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  “We are ready” Ibid.

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  “Things always appear” Beauregard to Whiting, April 11, 1861, WOTR, 1:303.

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  “Excitement increases hourly” Ruffin, Diary, 1:585.

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  “Of course I was highly gratified” Ibid., 1:588.

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  “For days” Parker, “Battle of Fort Sumter,” 65.

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  “hushed in sleep” Ibid.

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  Washington: The Correspondent

  “parading up and down” Russell, My Diary, 66–67.

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  “a most excellent dinner” Ibid., 67.

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  “The Secretary read it” Ibid.; Russell, “Recollections,” no. 495, 245.

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  “a curious state of things” Russell, My Diary, 67.

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  “some daring enterprise” Ibid., 68.

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  “almost defenseless” Ibid.

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  “a storm of rain” Ibid., 70; Russell, “Recollections,” no. 495, 246.

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  “I was asked by many” Russell, My Diary, 70; Russell, “Recollections,” no. 495, 246.

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  Charleston Harbor: The Angel of Death

  “I appreciate your surprise” Osbon, Sailor of Fortune, 117; Johnson, Lincoln’s First Crisis, 231.

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  “by someone groping” Doubleday, Reminiscences, 142.

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