Bronze Age arable farmers, 40

  claims of white settlers, 369

  competing claims of tribes, 368

  concept of landownership and, 369

  confiscation of settlers’ lands, 370, 371, 371

  country names changed, 368

  English as lingua franca, 366

  European partitioning of land, 365–66

  Europeans leave, 367

  missionaries in, 364

  nation-building efforts, 368

  poverty in, 372

  restoration of land in, 366–73, 371

  rule by indigenous people, 368

  shared land, concept of, 403

  trope defining British missionary behavior in, 98, 326

  uncultivated land in, 372

  See also specific countries, places

  agriculture

  Agricultural Revolution, 174

  ancient, in China, 44

  animal-drawn plough, 44

  Bronze Age, 40, 42–43, 46, 172

  caschroms (digging sticks), 42–43, 43

  demarcation of land and, 42, 45–46

  enclosures and, 44, 46, 173

  history of, 40–42

  Iron Age, iron plough, 43–44

  plough’s moldboard, 44

  strip lynchets, 45, 45

  tools, 42–43

  Akhmatova, Anna, 285

  Albania-Montenegro border, 75

  Aldridge, George, 245

  Alexander I, Tsar, 50, 56, 58–59

  Algic or Algonquian languages, 16, 16n

  Algonquin people, 136n

  Alsop, Joseph, 290

  American chestnut trees, 12

  American Geographical Society, 72

  American Public Land Survey System, 152

  American Revolution, 24, 136

  Amherst, Jeffery, 137, 137n

  Anak Krakatau island, 104–5, 105n

  Andamanese Islanders, 243–44

  Andersonstown, Northern Ireland, 265, 266

  Andorra-France border, 75–76

  Angle Inlet, Minn., 91–92

  animals, endangered species

  on Anak Krakatau, 105

  Bolson tortoise, 204

  Korean DMZ and, 225–27, 226

  Plains bison, 204–6, 206

  in Richmond, Bushy, and Greenwich Parks, London, 249

  wilding, abandoned farms and, 232–34, 232n

  wilding and Knepp estate, England, 230–32, 231

  wilding and Oostvaardersplassen, Netherlands, 228–29, 234

  Anne, Queen of England, 34

  Apache people, 150n, 203, 261

  Appalachians, 11, 135, 136, 138, 152

  Aramaki, Akira, 301–8, 311–16, 318–19

  as birthright citizen (Nisei), land buying and, 306–7

  family and heritage, 303–5, 313

  incarceration and release from Minidoka camp, 301–3

  land of, Bellevue, Wash., 302, 303, 306–7, 315–16, 318, 318n

  obituary of, 319

  Aramaki, Hanako Tanako, 313, 319

  Aramaki, Hikotara, 303–6, 311

  Aramaki, Towa Tasaki, 306, 311, 313

  Arapaho people, 149, 261

  Argentina’s borders, 75, 77

  Aristotle, 53

  Armitage, Simon, 225

  Ascent of F6, The (Auden), 265

  Ashanti people, 403

  Asia

  ancient agriculture, 40, 44

  boundaries and, 46

  ocean expansion and land loss in, 400

  Yellow River (Huang He), 40

  Yellow River Valley, 46

  Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroad, 142, 151, 152

  Atlantic (Winchester), 131

  Atlantic Ocean, 10, 11, 99, 367n

  crossing, 130, 191

  rising waters of, 398, 401

  Auden, W. H., 78, 188, 265, 345

  Audubon, John James, 30

  Australia

  aboriginal dispossession in, 28

  aboriginals as T.O.’s, 199–200, 239

  aboriginal voting rights, 324

  aboriginal wisdom, 239–45, 241

  “Australia’s father,” Macquarie, 350

  Cook’s arrival in (1770), 235–39

  Cooktown, 238

  fires of 2020, 239, 240, 242–43

  gaba (Great Australian Bugger All), laws governing, 200

  largest landowners, 196–200

  migration to begins, 326

  mining in, 199

  New South Wales, 235, 238, 326, 327, 334, 349

  Rhinehart’s land and wealth, 197–200, 198

  terra nullius and exploitation, 200

  Balfour, Arthur, 273, 276

  Balkan conflict, 1990s, 76, 267

  Bangladesh, 85–86, 400

  Indian exclaves and, 86–87

  Banks, Joseph, 235–36, 238, 239

  Bannerman, George, 191n

  barbed wire, 218–19n, 218–21, 219

  Barbed Wire Magazine, 219n

  Barton-upon-Humber, England, 179–80

  bedrock, 9, 10, 13

  Belfast, Northern Ireland, 265–66

  Short Strand, 265–66

  Belgian Congo, 365

  Bellevue, Wash., 309, 313

  Aramaki’s land in, 302, 303, 306–7, 315–16, 318, 318n

  Aramaki’s parents settle in, 306

  Japanese community, 307, 308, 311

  as U.S. strawberry capital, 303

  Ben-Gurion, David, 279, 280

  Berkshires, 11, 388

  Beverley, Robert, 134

  Bezos, Jeff, 209

  Bhave, Vinoba, 390–92, 391

  Birds and Trees of North America (Brasher), 30

  Bolson tortoise, Gopherus flavomarginatus, 204

  Boston, Mass., 5, 179, 386, 389

  Charles River vista, 385

  Boudinot, Elias Cornelius, 148–49

  boundaries, borders, 39–50, 73–92

  accuracy of, 50

  Afghanistan-Pakistan border (Durand line), 81

  Albania-Montenegro border, 75

  ancient Britain, 44–46, 167, 171, 172

  ancient field patterns and, 44–47, 45

  Andorra-France border, 75–76

  Argentina-Chile border, 77

  Argentina-Uruguay border, 75

  awareness of marked and unmarked, 46–47

  Balkan conflicts and, 76

  barbed wire and, 218–19n, 218–21, 219

  as basis of land possession, 46

  Canadian-U.S. border, 73–74, 77, 87–89, 88

  ceremonies and celebrations of, 47, 47n, 48

  China-India border, 77

  of cities and towns, 47

  earliest, 75–76

  farming, animal husbandry, and, 40–42

  of frontiers, 49, 49n, 73–92

  governance and, 47

  India-Pakistan frontier, 49, 77–85

  international land borders, 74–75

  Ireland-Britain border, 75

  islands and, 74

  measuring and mapping of, 47–48

  most granular land divisions, 46–47

  Myanmar-Manipur border, 75

  of nations, 48–49, 73–92

  Paris Peace Conference and, 67, 76

  Powell’s ideas about, 66

  private ownership of land and, 172

  unconformity and placement, 45–46

  ways to mark, 47

  West Bank “separation barrier,” 281

  World War II and, 76

  Boy Scouts of America, 204, 204n

  Brasher, Rex, 30, 33, 34

  Brasher family, 30

  Briscoe and King ranches, Texas, 201

  Britain

  ancient field systems, 45, 167, 171

  Anglo-Saxon England, 165–66, 167

  animal husbandry in, 41

  Balfour Declaration and, 273

  “beating the bounds” ceremonies, 47n, 48

  birth of the iron plough, 43–44

  Boadicea’s uprising, 166, 166n

  bookland and folkland in, 165–66

  boundaries begin in, 44–46, 167, 171

  Bronze Age farmers, 40, 42–43, 172

  Celts of, 167

  class system in, 160

  colonial Africa and, 98–99, 366, 367

  colonization of North America, 129–31, 133–34, 136–37

  common land system, 173–74, 177–78

  community land trusts, 392, 393, 395

  CROW (Countryside and Rights of Way Act), 223

  customary law and assignment of village land, 173

  Deverel-Rimbury field patterning, 44, 82–83, 172

  Doctrine of Discovery and, 132

  Drake’s claim to California, 128

  early agriculture, Wiltshire and Dorset, 44, 46

  Empire of, Africa, 98–99

  enclosure, enclosure acts, 172–81

  England-Scotland border, 76

  enslavement of Native Americans, 132

  growth of cities, 175, 183

  Hadrian’s Wall, 76, 166

  Industrial Revolution in, 174–75, 179, 183–84

  Ireland-Britain border, 75

  landed gentry, 159–68, 196

  land ownership and the Crown, 195, 272

  land ownership in antiquity, 166–67

  largest private landowners, 196

  maps and free wandering, 98

  Murders Abroad Act and, 328, 328n

  Norman Conquest, 162–65, 167

  Norman kings, 164

  ocean expansion and land loss in, 400

  oldest words in the language, 165

  Ordnance Survey Maps, 94–97

  Ordnance Survey of, 97

  Palestinian Mandate, 272–78, 274n

  Petty’s thoughts on land and, 133

  Plantagenet kings, 164

  revolts, land and, 166, 174, 175

  as Roman Britannia, 166–67

  royal estates of, 249

  strip lynchets of, 45, 45

  Suez Canal and, 273

  trope on British missionary behavior in Africa, 98, 326

  Tudor era enclosures, 173

  utopian cities of Welwyn and Port Sunlight, 251

  wheat grown in antiquity, 40

  wilding, rewilding in, 229–32, 234

  World War II and, 273

  Zionist movement in, 273

  British East India Company, 327n

  Bronze Age, 40, 43, 46, 172

  Buccleuch, Duke of, 196

  Buchanan, James, 144

  Bundle of Rights, 4n, 35, 215

  right of exclusion (trespass), 35, 215

  Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton, 380–81

  Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company, 141

  Burrell, Charles, and Isabella Tree, 230–32, 231

  Burton, Sir Richard, 364

  Busby, James, 328, 331, 333, 340

  Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 247

  Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 127

  Cade, Jack, 174

  California, 7n, 18, 201, 221, 307

  Drake lands in, 127

  forty-niners, 379

  Japanese-American incarceration and land confiscated, 312, 313, 313n, 317

  Japanese in, 1940s, 309, 311, 311n

  Miwok and Mono people of, 378–79, 382

  nuclear laboratory in, 255

  Savage and Indian clearance, 378–80

  Spanish territory, 138

  Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 376–77, 378, 382, 383

  Calusa people, 126

  Canada, 69

  explorers and mapmakers of, 90, 90n

  Irving family as landowners in, 201–2

  Manitoba land fights, 192

  métis people in, 192

  Northern Plains Indians and, 192

  Red River Settlement, 191–92

  Scottish clearances and emigration to, 172, 191–92, 191n, 352

  See also specific provinces, places

  Canadian-U.S. border, 73–74, 77, 87–92, 88, 89n

  49th parallel, 77, 87, 90, 91

  Northwest Angle, 88–90, 91

  Capital (Marx), 179

  Carse, Duncan, 99–100

  Catawba people, 136n

  Catus, Decianus, 166n

  Cuyahoga River, 396

  Chamberlain, Neville, 353

  Charles, Prince of Britain, 78

  Charles II, King of England, 25, 34

  Charles River, 385–86

  Gates of the Charles, 386

  Cherokee nation, 136n, 146, 148–50, 404

  Indian Territory and, 148

  removal plan for, 146

  slavery and, 147n

  Trail of Tears, 145

  Cheyenne people, 149, 261

  Chickasaw people, 145, 146, 149

  Chile, Argentina’s border with, 77

  China

  ancient attitudes on land ownership, 130n, 365

  cities with over one million inhabitants, 251

  Great Wall, 76

  IMW and, 67

  Indian border with, 77

  most polluted cities, 251

  ocean expansion and land loss in, 400

  Opium Wars, 327n

  Wade-Giles system for the Chinese language, 163n

  Choctaw people, 124, 146, 404

  Trail of Tears, 145, 147–48, 147n

  Churchill, Winston, 180, 282

  cities, 247–53

  circumferential highways of, 253

  Denver and Rocky Flats plutonium plant, 253–60, 254, 257

  global migration from rus to urbs, 247

  Industrial Revolution and, 247

  land degradation and, 247, 248, 252–53

  most polluted, 251

  over one million inhabitants, 251

  public spaces, parks, 248–50, 250

  redlining and, 251

  today’s “dreadful night,” 250–51

  use of eminent domain in, 251–52

  well-planned vs. ill-conceived, 250–51

  See also specific cities

  Clare, John, 6, 51

  clearance, the clearances, 171–72, 181–93

  compared to the Holocaust, 184

  population migration and, 171–72, 191–92, 191n

  resistance of Kildonan, 189–91

  Sellar carrying out, 185–86, 188–90

  Sutherland family and, 183–85, 183n

  wretched and miserable results, 181

  Cleveland, Ohio, Evergreen Cooperative, 395–96

  climate change, 198, 213, 375

  cattle population and, 220

  extreme weather and, 115

  planetary warming, 399–400

  rising sea level and, 1, 108, 115, 120, 398–402

  Clinton, Bill, 84

  Colorado

  radioactivity and, 254–60, 257

  reservations and tribal peoples, 261

  Comanche people, 150n

  common land, 173, 177–78, 272

  Barton-upon-Humber, 179–80

  enclosure of, in Britain, 175–80

  Hebrides, 348, 348–61, 352n, 353

  political left’s support of, 178–79

  “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 177–78

  See also land trusts

  Connecticut, 3, 17, 207

  iron ore and iron goods in, 23–24

  surveys and land disputes with N.Y. state, 21n

  Conquest, Robert, 295–96, 298

  conservation, 375

  Bhave and Bhoodan movement, 390–92, 391

  conservation restrictions or easements, 387–90

  land trusts and, 386–90

  Muir and, 375, 376, 377

  native people’s land claims and, 375–83, 382

  nineteenth-century conservation movement, 377

  Questing Reserve, Mass., 388–89

  Rocky Narrows Reserve, Mass., 386–87

  Yosemite Land Grant Act (1864), 378, 382

  Cooch Behar, 85, 87

  Cook, Captain James, 235–39

  lands claimed for Britain, 326, 326, 329

  legacy with aboriginal peoples, 239

  Cooper, James Fenimore, 17

  Cooper, Whina, 337, 338

  Cornell University, 203n

  Cosmopolitan magazine, Wicks article on Guthrie, Okla., 155

  Craig, David, 184

  Creek people, 145, 146, 148

  Cunningham, Sir Alan, 278

  Custer, George Armstrong, 143

  Czechoslovakia, 353n

  Dead Sea, shores of, 7n

  Death Valley, Calif., 7n

  Defoe, Daniel, 110

  Deloria, Philip, 142, 143–44, 144n

  Denman, Donald R., 39

  Denver, Colo.

  lack of totally circumferential highway, 253–54, 254, 260

  Rocky Flats plutonium plant and toxic contamination, 254–60, 257

  Derby Line, Vt., 88

  Detroit, Mich., 251

  Dick Barton, Special Agent (radio show), 99

  Diefenbaker, John, 191n

  Diggers, 174

  Diomedea exulans (seabird), 99

  Doctrine of Discovery, 131–32, 140

  Dodge, Mary Mapes, 109n

  Doll, Edward, 31, 34

  Domesday Book, 162–64, 163

  Doré, Gustave, 251

  Dorpat Great Observatory, Estonia, 56

  Douglas, James, Earl of Morton, 238–39

  Dow Chemical Company, 256–58

  Drake, Sir Francis, 127–28

  ship, Golden Hind, 127

  Duranty, Walter, 286, 288–90, 288n, 294

  Dutch West India Company, 16

  Earth

  albedo of, 399

  circumference computed by Eratosthenes, 53, 59

  circumference size today, 59

  continental movement, 10–11, 397

  continent, oldest, 10

  continents, early, 10–11

  disappearing islands of, 400

  geological history of, 9–11

  Greenwich meridian, 66

  longitude and latitude, 54

  mapping of, 50

  mountain ranges formed, 11

  nineteenth century French scientific measurements, 53

  ocean expansion on, 400

  planetary crust evolution and, 6, 10

  planetary warming of, 399–400

  satellite measurements, 59

  size and shape, determining, 51–60, 64

  size of land surface, 4, 70, 398

  size of seabed, 72

  Struve’s measurement of, 54–59, 55, 63–64

  surface division, granular, 46–47

  as synonymous with land, 7

  Egypt, 273

  Eigg, Inner Hebrides, Scotland, 351–59, 361, 390, 393

  Barnes-Wallace family on, 358, 358n

  Clanranald family on, 352

  community ownership, 351–60, 352n, 353, 360

  critics of, 358–59, 360

  improvements on, 358

  Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust and community purchase of, 356–57

  last laird, Keith Schellenberg, 354–56

  MacPherson and clearances, 352

  migration of inhabitants, 352

  population, 352, 357, 358

  Runciman and later owners, 352–54, 353n, 358