Struve and, 55–56

  survey map, Dutchess County, N.Y. (1850), 29, 29–30

  theodolite-based mapmaking, 56–57, 64

  United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Maps, 94–97

  World Aeronautical Charts, 70–71

  Marnham, Patrick, 363

  Marshall, John, 139n

  Marshall Islands, 400

  Martin, Frederick, 65n

  Martin family, 201

  Marx, Karl, 179

  Mary II, Queen of England, 34

  Mary of Modena, Duchess, 21

  Massachusetts

  conservation restrictions, 387–88

  King Philip’s War, 387

  Massachusetts Bay Colony, 123, 129–30

  Questing Reserve, 388

  Rocky Narrows Reserve and land conservation, 386–87

  trespass law and, 216–17, 218

  Winchester’s home in, 216, 233

  Massasoit, Wampanoags sachem, 130

  Maurice of Orange, 25

  Maxwell, Lucien Bonaparte, 203–4

  McClatchy, Valentine, 310, 311

  McDougal, John, 379

  McEwen, Lawrence, 359

  measurement of land

  acre, 5, 165

  Ottoman donum and Greek stremma, 271, 271n

  section, 407–8

  terms used, 5, 5n

  See also Glossary of Terms

  Metacomet (King Philip), 387

  Miles, Sarah, 363

  Mitchell, John, 89, 89n

  Mitchell, Margaret, 157

  Miwok Indians, 127–28, 378–83, 382, 404

  Black Oak Casino and, 383

  driven off their lands, 379–80

  people left in Yosemite Valley, 383

  Mohawk people, 16, 136n, 138

  Mohican people, 15–17, 404

  contact with Hudson, 16, 127

  dispossession of, 17, 27

  early title deed, transfer of land to colonial ownership, 18, 19, 20

  farming, hunting, gathering by, 16

  forced removal of, 145

  land sold by, 20

  Schaghticokes and, 17–18

  Wisconsin reservation of, 27, 145

  Monbiot, George, 230

  Mono people, 378–79

  Monroe, James, 146

  Montana, 202, 207, 207n, 383

  Wilks brothers stopping access, 210

  Winchester’s land in, 207n

  “Mores, The” (Clare), 51

  Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 78

  MS The World, 197, 197n

  Muck, Hebrides islands, Scotland, 359

  Mugabe, Robert, 370, 371

  Muggeridge, Malcolm, 290

  Muir, John, 375, 376, 383

  Myanmar-Manipur border, 75

  National Rifle Association, 204

  Native Americans

  Algic or Algonquian languages, 15–16, 16n

  American law applying to, 138–39

  antiquity of civilization of, 379

  Asian origins, 15, 16n, 135

  attachment to the land, 125, 134–35

  Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 147

  Canadian Iroquois land, 17

  Canadian-U.S. border and, 90

  citizenship and the Snyder Act, 139

  in Colorado, 261

  concept of land ownership and, 126, 130, 130n, 131

  contact with Europeans, 16–17, 126

  declared human beings (1879), 123

  dispossession of, v, 17, 20, 27–28, 123–58, 252

  Distributive Preemption Act of 1841 and, 140

  Doctrine of Discovery and, 132, 140

  early title deed, transfer to colonial ownership, 18, 19, 20

  enslavement of, 132

  federally recognized tribes, 18

  first war with white settlers, 387

  Five Civilized Tribes, 146, 147

  forced removal of, 145–48

  French and Indian War and, 136–37, 136n

  genocide of, 126, 137, 146

  George III’s Proclamation Line, 135–36

  Homestead Act and, 140

  land set aside for, 138–39, 143–44

  land sold by, 20

  Miwok claims to Yosemite Valley, 375–83

  in New England, 15–16

  as original landowners, 199

  Ponce de León and, 126

  population when Europeans arrived, 125

  shared land, concept of, 403–6

  slaves kept by, 147n

  society and culture of, 125, 134–35

  Supreme Court ruling of 1823 and land purchase from, 139–40

  Trail of Tears and, 145

  treaties, lack of fairness and, 141–45

  tribes remaining today, 135

  U.S. Constitution, Section 8 and, 138

  wampum, 20

  See also specific peoples

  Natural Resources Council of Maine, 208

  Nature Conservancy, 208

  Nebraska, 123, 141, 202, 206, 207, 221, 299, 407

  Netherlands, 107–21

  acres of land gained and lost, 110–11

  Amsterdam Reference Level, 114

  Barrier Dam, 113–14, 121

  colonial Africa and, 365

  description of, 107

  dikes of, 108, 109n

  Dutch explorers and colonizers, 127

  Flevoland created, 115–20, 118, 228

  Ijsselmeer lands of, 114, 115–20

  Ijsselmeer Polders Development Authority, 119

  Lely and, 111, 111–12, 114, 120

  Lelystad, 120

  method for draining a marsh, 108–9

  national philosophy of (poldermodel), 109–10, 118–19

  North Sea, rising of and, 108, 115

  “pillarization” (verzuiling), 119–20

  plants for reclaimed land, 116, 117

  polder systems and reclaimed land, 109–10, 110n, 111, 115

  private ownership of new lands, 107, 117–20

  pumping stations, 110, 116

  St. Martin island and, 74n

  Slachte Dike, 108

  storms and flooding, 110

  wilding of Oostvaardersplassen, 227–29, 231, 234

  windmills of, 109

  Zuider Zee Works, 110–15

  Nevada, 378

  Nevermore (Gauguin), 400

  New England

  bedrock of, 9, 10

  biggest landowners in, 201–2

  colonial economy of, 23

  early title deed of, 18, 19, 20

  economic development, 23–25

  English colonies in, 129–31

  first people inhabiting, 15–16

  geological history of, 10–11

  Malone as landowner in, 207

  Mohicans of, 16

  Puritans of, 129–30

  recognition of Native Americans, 28

  Schaghticokes and, 17–18, 27

  Smith’s coining of phrase, 130

  wilding and, 232–33, 232n

  See also specific states

  New Harmony, Indiana, 251

  Newton, Sir Isaac, 54n

  New York City

  Battery Park City, 106

  Dutch colonists, 16

  Hurricane Sandy and, 398–99, 400

  man-made land in, 105–6

  New York Post, 287

  New York State

  charcoal making in, 24–25

  colonial, Crown’s ownership, 21, 34

  colonial, tenancy and, 21–22

  Dutch colonists, 20

  Dutchess County, 3, 5, 21

  Dutchess County survey map (1850), 29, 29–30

  geological history of, 10–11

  iron ore and iron goods of, 23–25

  Oblong, 21n, 23, 33

  Philipse lands, 25

  Philipse Patent, 21, 21n, 25

  Putnam County, 21

  surveys and land disputes with Connecticut, 21n

  Westchester County, 20

  Winchester’s land in, 3–7, 10, 12–13, 21n, 28–31, 29

  New York Times, Duranty reporting on the Ukraine, 286, 288, 290

  New Zealand, 28, 323–42

  as Aotearoa, 324, 325, 339

  as British colony, 329–30

  British land confiscation, 335, 340

  British settlement of, 326–27, 328

  Busby and, 328–29, 330, 331

  Captain Cook and, 325, 326

  Cooper, Whina, 337, 338

  discovery and settlement of, 323

  gum diggers, 337, 337n

  Hobson and, 330–34

  inclusive democracy in, 323–24, 332

  land confiscation in, 335, 336

  land wars, 334–36

  Maori campaigns to restore their land, 237–39, 338

  Maoris and land ownership, 325–26

  missionaries in, 328

  Murders Abroad Act and, 328, 328n

  national anthem, 324–25, 324n, 339

  National Library, Wellington, 326

  ownership claims, White Island, 105n

  place names changed, 341–44

  racism in, 336

  rising sea levels and, 401

  sealer-settlers, 327–28

  size of, in acres, 325

  time to time status of, 328–29

  Treaty of Waitangi, 326, 327, 330–34, 331n, 336, 339

  Waitangi Tribunal, 339–40

  Nicholas I, Tsar, 58–59, 59n

  Nicholas V, Pope, 131n

  Nigeria, 365, 366, 367, 367n

  Nile Valley, 40, 75

  North America

  Canadian-U.S. border, 73–74

  “divine grace” and land in the king’s name, 131

  Doctrine of Discovery, 131–32

  Dutch explorers and colonizers, 127

  European arrival, 125–28

  European colonization, 16–17, 20, 21

  first English settlements, 129

  first people inhabiting, 15–16

  first white expeditions, 125

  justification for plundering, 129

  Manifest Destiny and, 129

  mapping of, 28

  native peoples, 17, 18, 19, 20, 123–58

  native peoples, population, 125

  Ohio Country, 136, 138

  Spanish explorers and colonizers, 125–27

  Spanish territories in, 138

  See also Canada; Native Americans; United States

  Northern Hemisphere, 10

  Northern Ireland, 119, 159, 281

  border of, 75

  Caledon gentleman, County Tyrone, 160–61

  Protestant-Catholic couple, 265–66, 267

  North Sea, 108, 109, 110, 112–13

  Barrier Dam, 113

  “Northwest Passage” (Rogers), 90n

  Nova Scotia, 11, 352

  Nowra, Australia, 242–43

  Nuna (supercontinent), 10

  O’Connor family Texas ranches, 201

  Oesterle, Gotthilf Christian Eckhard “Maruma,” 356

  Ojibwe people, 90, 136n, 145

  Oklahoma, 124, 125, 156

  as Indian Territory, 146, 148

  land ownership and, 125

  Native Americans in, 125

  Trail of Tears and, 145

  Oklahoma Land Run, 123–25, 149, 150–58, 150n, 153

  Guthrie and, 151, 152, 153, 154–58

  Unassigned Lands and, 150, 151–52, 153, 158

  Olduvai Gorge, Africa, 40

  Olmsted, Frederick Law, 387

  “On Poetry” (Swift), 93

  Origins of Ownership (Denman), 39

  Ottoman empire, 271–72, 274

  Ottoman Land Code, 272, 275–76

  “O What Is That Sound” (Auden), 188

  Pakistan

  Bangladesh formed and, 85–86

  border crossing at Attari-Wagah, 82–84, 83

  border with Afghanistan (Durand line), 81

  border with India, 49, 77–85

  conflict with India, 267

  Islamabad, 251

  most polluted cities, 251

  Peshawar, 49n

  Radcliffe Line, 81, 82, 84

  Palestine (the Levant, the Holy Land), 269–84

  Al Nakba (the Catastrophe), 279–80, 284

  antiquity of land dispute, 282–83

  ban on Jewish purchase of land, 272

  biblical notion of Jubilee and, 283–83

  British idealism in, 275

  British Mandate, 272–78, 274n

  British restricting land purchase, 276

  British withdrawal, 270, 278–79

  Christian rule of Jerusalem, 274, 275

  dispossession and migration, 280

  Jewish land buying, 272–74, 276, 393

  Jewish population, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 280

  landless Arab workers in, 276

  massacre at Deir Yassin, 278, 280

  Ottoman Land Code, 272, 275–76

  Ottoman rule, 270, 271–72, 271n

  Pangaea (supercontinent), 11

  Papua New Guinea, 74

  Park, Geoff, 323

  Park, Mungo, 364

  Parkinson, Sydney, 236, 236n

  Peel, Robert, 65n

  Penck, Albrecht, 62, 63, 63–64, 67, 71

  Perry, Admiral Matthew, 303–4, 309n

  Petty, William, 133, 133n

  Philipse, Adolphus, 21

  Philipse, Frederick, 20–21, 21n

  Philipse estates, Philipse Patent, 21, 21n, 34

  confiscation of, 25

  division of, Commission of Forfeiture, 27

  tenants of, 25, 34

  Pierce, Franklin, 403

  Pingree family, 201

  Plains bison, 204–6, 206, 220

  Plains Indians, 205

  Plato, 53

  Poem Without a Hero (Akhmatova), 285

  pollution and contamination

  Cuyahoga River, 396

  Denver and Rocky Flats plutonium plant, 253–60, 254, 257

  nuclear sites, 259–60

  Ponca people, v, 123, 148

  Ponce de León, Juan, 125–26

  Port Reyes, Calif., 127

  Portugal and Portuguese colonials, 131–32, 131n, 198, 365

  Potawatomie people, 148

  Powell, John Wesley, 65–66

  Powhatan people, 131

  public spaces, parks

  Greece’s agora, 248

  Kiev Maidan, Ukraine, 249

  les bois of Vincennes and Boulogne, Paris, 249

  Los Angeles parks, 249

  Maidan, Kolkata, 249–50, 250

  maidans of the eastern cities, 249–50

  municipally owned, landscaped, 249

  Newcastle-upon-Tyne’s Town Moor, 248

  Richmond, Bushy, and Greenwich Parks, London, 249

  San Diego parks, 249

  Stanley Park, Vancouver, 248

  Tehrir Square, Cairo, 249

  Punch magazine, 365

  Pythagoras, 53

  Questing Reserve, Mass., 388–89

  Raasay island, Scotland, 93–94

  Dun Caan, 93, 96

  Ordnance Survey map of, 94, 95, 96

  Oskaig, 93

  Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 77–80, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85

  Radek, Karl, 289

  Radipole, England, 172, 173, 175

  railroads

  Ball Watch Company and, 152

  land grants, 140–41, 142, 143

  Native American lands and, 143, 150, 151

  promoting settlement, 141, 142

  See also specific railroads

  Reagan, Ronald, 301

  real estate vs. real property, 4, 4n, 21

  Reed family, 201

  Reflections upon Exile (Bolingbroke), 61

  restoration of land rights

  Africa, 361–73, 371

  conservation vs., Yosemite Valley, Calif., 375–83, 382

  Glendale crofters rebellion and, 351

  the Hebrides, 343–61, 360

  land trusts, returning the land to the ownership of all, 386–96

  Maori people and, 325–26

  See also conservation

  Reynolds, John “Captain Pouch,” 174

  Rhodes, Cecil, 364, 365, 368, 369

  Rhodesia, 367–68, 369

  Rhodesian Bush War, 370

  Richards, Eric, 184

  Ridley, Matt and Blagdon Hall, 161

  Rinehart, Gina, 197–200, 198

  River Runs Through It, A (Maclean), 207n

  Rockwell International, 258–59

  Rocky Narrows Reserve, Mass., 386–87

  Rodinia (supercontinent), 10–11

  Rogers, Stan, 90n

  Roman Empire, 68, 96, 165, 166–67

  Boadicea’s uprising, 166, 166n

  Britannia, 166–67

  Hadrian’s Wall, 76

  Romanus Pontifex, 131–32, 131n

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 311

  incarceration of Japanese Americans (Executive Order 9066), 312, 313, 314, 319

  Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 276

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, vii

  Royal Geographic Society, 65, 67

  Royal Society, 54n, 238–39, 238n

  Runciman, Walter, 352–53

  Russia (Soviet Union)

  Baltic lands and empire, 52

  collective farms of, 294–95

  Duranty and, 286, 288–90, 288n, 294

  Goldi people of, 403

  IMW and, 67, 69–70

  land surface, size of, 70

  NKVD (secret police), 286

  pogroms against the Jews, 271, 273

  Pulkovo Observatory, 59

  Tolstoy on land ownership, 408–11, 409

  Ukraine and the Holodomor, 285–300, 289, 296

  Rwanda genocide, 267

  Sac people, 148

  St. Helena island, 328n

  St. John, Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke, 61

  St. John, New Brunswick, 201–2

  St. Louis, Mo., Pruitt-Igoe housing complex, 251, 252

  St. Martin, 74, 74n

  Salisbury, Conn., 23–24

  Sand County Almanac (Leopold), 385

  San Francisco Marina District, 106

  Savage, James, 378, 379–80, 381

  Scandinavia, 54, 58, 166, 222, 366

  land wandering (allemansträtten), 221–22, 223

  Schaghticoke people, 17–18, 27

  Schellenberg, Keith, 354–56

  Scotland

  acres owned by landed gentry, 159

  Act of Union (1707), 345

  border with England, 76

  the clearances, 171–72, 181–93, 349n

  cloudberries (averin) in, 224

  crofters of, 183, 185, 186, 187, 187, 189, 190, 349n, 351–52, 417, 418

  emigration to Canada, 191–92, 191n

  the Hebrides and land rights restoration, 343–61, 360

  Highlands, 183, 189, 345, 349n

  lack of trespass in, 221, 223

  laird, 344, 344n

  Land Reform Act of 2016, 346, 348

  land reform and land ownership in, 223–24, 345–46, 348–61, 353, 360

  land trusts in, 392, 393

  lochs and lakes of, 224, 224n

  Outdoor Access Code, 224

  raising of sheep, 183–84, 186, 189

  Scots-only referendum (1997), 223