Scottish Parliament (1997), 345

  statue, “the Mannie” (Duke of Sutherland), 181, 182, 183

  Sutherland county, 187–88

  unequal ownership of its land, 345

  Scotsman newspaper, 347

  Scottish Land Fund, 349n, 360

  Scottish National Party, 346–47, 349

  Scott-Keltie, Sir John, 65

  Sealth, Suquamish Chief, 403–6, 404

  speech of, 405–6

  Second Treatise on Civil Government (Locke), 101

  Selkirk, Earl of, 192

  Sellar, Patrick, 184, 185

  Seminole people, 138, 145, 146, 148

  7:84 Theatre Company, 345

  Shackleton, Ernest, 99

  Shakespeare, William, 168

  Shawnee people, 136n

  Sheindlin, Judy, 197n

  Shoshone people, 261

  Shreve, Henry, 147n

  Sierra Club, 377

  Silverthorne, Alice, Countess de Janzé, 363, 372

  Sioux people, 138, 407

  Battle of Little Bighorn, 143

  Battle of Wounded Knee, 143

  best-known chief, 143

  as horsemen, 142–43

  loss of landholdings, 142–45, 144n

  names of treaty signers, 144n

  railroad land grants and, 143

  reservation today, 144–45

  Sitting Bull, Sioux Chief, 143

  Skye, Hebrides islands, Scotland, 93, 94, 358

  Glendale crofters rebellion, 351–52

  slavery, 131n, 132, 147n, 330, 408

  Smith, John, 130–31

  soil

  Charlton and Chatfield types, 13

  Ukraine’s chernozem soils, 300

  of Winchester’s land, 12–13

  “Song of the Cities, The” (Kipling), 323

  South Africa

  apartheid in, 119

  British rule ends, 366

  land redistribution program, 371, 372

  Native Land Act of 1913, 371

  white land ownership in, 371

  South America, 54, 233, 242, 387, 400

  South Dakota, 138, 138–39, 142–45, 144n

  South Georgia island, 99

  making a map of, 99–100

  Spain

  colonial Africa and, 365–66

  enslavement of Native Americans made illegal, 132

  explorers and colonizers of North and South America, 125–27, 138

  Philippines and, 127

  Ponce de León and, 125–26

  Spain, William, 334

  Speke, John, 364

  Springer, William, 150n

  Squantz, Schaghticoke Chief, 17–18, 27

  Stalin, Joseph

  “the law of five ears of wheat,” 298

  Ukrainian starvation and, 286–87, 289–90, 294, 297–98, 300

  Standing Bear, Ponca Chief, v

  address, 1879 trial in Nebraska, 123

  Stanley, Henry, 364

  Statesman’s Yearbook, 65, 65n

  stewardship

  Biblical references, 283

  enclosure and, 172–73, 177–78, 180

  indigenous peoples, wisdom and practices of, 235–45, 241

  land conservation trusts and, 386–90

  Malone as landowner and, 208

  parks, recreation, and plutonium, 247–61, 250, 252, 254, 257

  sustainable management and, 202

  tragedies of improvement, 171–93

  trespass laws vs. roaming rights, 215–24

  Turner and, 204–6

  wilding or rewilding projects, 225–34

  world’s largest landowners and, 195–216

  Stimson family, 201

  Stone Age, 40, 42

  Struve, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg von, 54–59, 55n, 60

  Pulkovo Observatory and, 59

  Struve Geodetic Arc, Latvia, 51–55, 55, 60

  Sturgeon, Nicola, 346–47, 349

  suburbs, 242, 248, 258, 265, 319, 395

  Surtsey island, 103–4, 104n

  surveying, surveyors

  American Public Land Survey System, 152

  British land ownership, Domesday Book survey of 1085, 162–64

  Canadian-U.S. border and, 87–88

  delineation and demarcation of property and, 35, 48

  East Liverpool, Ohio, and surveying of western America, 152

  map of South Georgia and, 99–100

  marker points, Struve Geodetic Arc, 51–53

  size of the Earth, determining, 51–60, 64

  Struve and, 56–58

  survey map (1850), 29, 29–30

  theodolite for, 48, 56, 57, 64, 96, 422

  triangulation and, 56, 57–58, 96

  of the Unassigned Lands, 152

  United Kingdom Ordnance Survey, 94–97

  U.S. grid system, 152

  Sutherland, Duke of, 182–83

  Sutherland Leveson-Gower, Lady Harriet, 183, 183n, 185, 190

  Sutherland Leveson-Gower, Lord George Granville, 182, 182–85

  Dunrobin Castle, 183, 185, 187, 189

  Swift, Jonathan, 93

  Syrtsov, Sergey, 291, 292, 293

  Taconic Orogeny, 23

  terra nullius, 200

  Texas

  biggest landowners in, 201

  Kroenke’s Waggoner Ranch and evictions, 209–10

  Spanish territory of, 138

  trespass law and, 216–17

  Wilks brothers and, 210–11, 211

  Thompson, David, 90, 90n, 91

  Thompson, E. P., 177

  Thompson, F. G., 184

  Thompson, James, 251

  Tickler Magazine, 171

  title deed, 18–19

  early, Hudson Valley land, 18, 19, 20

  Philipse estate division, 27

  Winchester’s land purchase and, 3

  Tolstoy, Leo, 408–11, 409

  estate at Yasnaya Polyana, 408

  “Tragedy of the Commons, The” (Hardin), 177–78

  trespass, 97

  antitrespassing laws, 213

  barbed wire and, 218–19n, 218–21, 219

  Bavaria’s Schwammerlparagraph, or the “mushroom clause,” 223

  Britain’s CROW and, 223

  definition, 216

  European countries and roaming rights, 222–23

  flying, air space, and, 215n

  Lapland and cloudberries, 222, 224

  lawsuits and principle of attractive endangerment, 217

  right of exclusion and, 215

  right of “land wandering” vs., 221–22

  Scotland’s Outdoor Access Code and, 221, 223, 224

  seasonal hunting and, 216–17

  specific legal issues of, 216

  U.S. laws and, 215–18

  Triste Tropique (Levi-Strauss), 400

  Trollope, Anthony, 1

  Trump, Donald, 213

  Turfan Depression, China, 7n

  Turner, Ted, 202–7, 203

  Bolson tortoise reintroduced by, 204

  history of his land, 202–4

  Plains bison reintroduced by, 204–6

  restaurants owned by, 204, 206

  size of land holdings, 202, 206

  Vermejo Park Ranch, 202–4, 206

  Tutu, Desmond, 98–99

  Ukraine, 285–300

  agrogoroda (agricultural cities), 294

  antiquity of Russian conflict, 299–300

  capital, Kyiv, 299

  fertility of the land in, 299

  graves of the Holodomor dead, 299

  the Holodomor (murder by starvation), 286–300, 296

  Jones and, 285–90, 293, 300

  Kievian Rus, 300

  kolkhozes (collective farms), 294–95

  Kyiv Holodomor Museum, 300

  Soviet confiscation of land in, 286–87, 289, 290, 293–94

  Soviet genocide of peasants (kulaks), 286, 290–95, 296, 297

  Stalin’s Five Year Plan, 291, 292, 294, 295

  Winchester in (2019), 299

  Ulva, Hebrides islands, Scotland, 347–51, 348, 349n, 361

  Howard and, 344–45, 347–49

  Macquarie Group, 349–50

  well-known figures and, 349

  United Kingdom Ordnance Survey (OS) Maps, 94–97, 95

  Conventional Signs, 95–96

  United Nations (UN)

  Bangkok meeting ending IMW project, 71–72

  Britain’s withdrawal from Palestine and, 269–70, 271, 278

  list of international borders, 75

  United States

  anti-immigration laws, 309

  arms manufacture, 24

  beef as preferred dish in, 206, 220

  Black vs. white owned land, 408

  Canadian-U.S. border, 73–74, 87–92, 88

  conservation easements, 387–90

  Crown’s lands divided up, 27

  Distributive Preemption Act (1841), 140

  Doctrine of Discovery and, 132, 140

  expansion of private land ownership in, 201

  Great Plains, 205

  Homestead Acts, 140, 407–8

  “how much land does a man need” question and, 407–8

  immigration policies, 306

  Indian Territory, 146, 148–50, 149

  iron goods manufactured in, 24

  Issei and Nisei designations for Japanese immigrants, 306

  Japanese-American incarceration, 301–19

  land grants, Morrill Acts, 203–4, 203n

  land ownership laws, 139, 140–41

  largest private landowners, 200–213, 406–7

  Louisiana Purchase, 89, 90, 138

  lust for land and, 134

  Manifest Destiny and, 137, 140

  Mississippi River, as border, 89–90

  modern robber barons of, 209

  national parks, 378–83 (see also Yosemite National Park)

  Native Americans as original landowners, 199, 203

  Native Americans dispossessed by, v, 27–28, 123–58, 378–83, 382

  nuclear weapons, plutonium, and contamination, 254–60

  Oklahoma Land Run, 123–25, 158

  Plains bison and, 204–6, 206

  railroad land grants, 140–41, 142, 143

  rising sea level and land mass loss, 398–99, 399, 400, 401

  Treaty of Paris (1783), 89, 90, 91

  trespass law and, 215–18

  urban poor, housing for, 251

  western expansion, 136, 137, 221

  wilding, abandoned farms and, 232–33, 232n

  Yosemite Land Grant Act (1864), 378, 382

  See also specific states

  Ur (supercontinent), 10

  U.S. Geological Survey, 66

  U.S. Supreme Court, Johnson v. M’Intosh, 139–40

  Vaalbara (continent), 10

  Vacirca, Sebastiano, 30–31, 34

  Vancouver, British Columbia, 265–66, 267, 281, 304

  Stanley Park, 248

  Vatican, land holdings, 198

  Vera, Frans, 231

  Vermont, 232, 395, 396

  Champlain Housing Trust, 393

  U.S.-Canadian border and, 87, 88

  Victoria, Queen of United Kingdom, 329

  Vienna, Austria, 62–63, 63n

  Virginia, 17, 139n, 232

  settlers and “headright” of one hundred acres, 133–34

  Virginia Company, 129, 130–31

  Wales, 159, 300, 393

  Wampanoag people, 129–30, 130n, 131, 387

  war, violence, and who rules the land, 265–67

  African anti-imperial rebellions, 366

  enmity subsiding with distance, 267, 282

  Japanese-American internment and land confiscation, 301–19

  Jewish-Arab conflict, 269–84

  King Philip’s War, 387

  Northern Ireland, 265–66, 281–82

  Rhodesian Bush War, 370

  in the Ukraine, 285–300, 289, 296

  Washburn, Ichabod, 219

  Washington, George, 136

  Washington State, 255, 302, 304, 306, 318n

  Wassaic, New York, 3, 24, 30–31

  Brasher farm in, 30

  Winchester’s land in, 3–7, 10, 12–13, 21n, 28–31, 29

  Watt, James, 24n, 110

  White Island, New Zealand, 105n

  White Mischief (film), 363

  Whitley, Hobart, 157n

  Wicks, Hamilton, 155

  wilding and rewilding projects, 225–34

  abandoned farms and reversion to nature, 232–33

  auroch and, 228

  in Britain, 229–32, 234

  farmer-critics of, 232, 233–34

  Knepp estate, England, and, 230–32, 231, 234

  Nature’s retaking the land of the Korean DMZ, 225–27, 226

  wilding of Oostvaardersplassen, 227–29, 231, 234

  Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 112, 120

  Wilkinson, John, 24n

  Wilks, Farris and Dan, 210–13, 211

  denying access to land, trespass laws and, 210, 212, 213

  parents Voy and Myrtle, 212

  William I, King of England, 162

  William III, King of England, 34

  Williams, Henry, 331, 333

  Winnipeg, Manitoba, 192

  Winthrop, John, 130

  World Aeronautical Charts, 70–71

  World War I (Great War), 67, 272

  fall of the Ottoman Turks, 272, 274

  Paris Peace Conference, boundary-making and, 67, 76

  World War II, 270

  bombing of London, 270

  boundary-making and, 76

  Britain and, 273

  D-day invasion, 270

  Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 312

  U.S. internment of Japanese-Americans, 301–19

  Wren, Christopher, 120

  Yamashita, Takuji, 318n

  Yellowstone National Park, 383

  Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, 275–83

  annual visitors to, 383

  El Capitan, 380–81

  landscapes of, 381

  native people dispossessed in, 376, 379–80

  as park, incursions into, 382–83

  Yosemite Land Grant Act (1864), 378, 382

  Young, William, 189, 190

  Zambia, number of tribes in, 368

  Zimbabwe, 368, 369, 370, 371

  confiscation of settler lands, 370, 371, 371

  economic collapse in, 370

  About the Author

  SIMON WINCHESTER is the acclaimed author of many books, including The Professor and the Madman, The Men Who United the States, The Map That Changed the World, The Man Who Loved China, A Crack in the Edge of the World, and Krakatoa, all of which were New York Times bestsellers and appeared on numerous best and notable lists. In 2006, Winchester was made an officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Her Majesty the Queen. He resides in western Massachusetts.

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  Also by Simon Winchester

  In Holy Terror

  American Heartbeat

  Their Noble Lordships

  Stones of Empire (photographer)

  Outposts

  Prison Diary, Argentina

  Hong Kong: Here Be Dragons

  Korea: A Walk Through the Land of Miracles

  Pacific Rising

  Small World

  Pacific Nightmare

  The River at the Center of the World

  The Professor and the Madman

  The Fracture Zone

  The Map That Changed the World

  Krakatoa

  The Meaning of Everything

  A Crack in the Edge of the World

  The Man Who Loved China

  Atlantic

  Pacific

  West Coast: Bering to Baja

  East Coast: Arctic to Tropic

  Skulls

  The Alice Behind Wonderland

  The Men Who United the States

  When the Earth Shakes

  When the Sky Breaks

  Oxford

  The Perfectionists

  The End of the River

  Mississippi: Headwaters and Heartland to Delta and Gulf

  The Man with the Electrified Brain

  Copyright

  LAND. Copyright © 2021 by Simon Winchester. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

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  Cover photographs © GraphicaArtis/Bridgeman Images (world map); © Opla/Getty Images (conveyor belt); © The Granger Collection (Oklahoma Land Rush); © Marc Mortisch/National Geographic (Yosemite Falls); © simon leigh/Alamy Stock Photo (Apache reservation); © Erik De Castro/Pool/EPA/Shutterstock (Pagasa Island); © The History Collection/Alamy Stock Photo (treaty); © Pantheon/Superstock (Maori chiefs); © Keenpress/National Geographic/Offset.com (wheat)

  FIRST EDITION

  Digital Edition JANUARY 2021 ISBN: 978-0-06-293835-0

  Version 12152020

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  *There is a subtle difference between the two terms: while real estate has come to mean the tract and any improvements made to it—a house, for instance—the term real property signifies in addition the so-called Bundle of Rights that can come with simple ownership: the rights, for example, to occupy, to sell, to mine, to clear away timber, to prevent trespass, to exclude others. Further explanation later.