113See, e.g., 2.343, 362, 6.51, 126, 150nn.; and 2.426, 476, 478; 5.63; 6.36, 59, 133, 180, 202 t.nn.

  114A copy once belonging to Capell, with his collation of Q1 mainly in red ink and the note ‘Collated Jan: 1755. E.C.’, is now in the Houghton Library, Harvard University.

  115See S. Massai, Shakespeare and the Rise of the Editor (2007) on the lack of authority of reprints and on agencies of correction.

  116See p. 121.

  THE REIGN OF

  KING EDWARD

  THE THIRD

  LIST OF ROLES

  * * *

  The English and their Supporters

  KING EDWARD the third, of England

  QUEEN Philippa his wife

  PRINCE EDWARD Prince of Wales, their son

  Earl of DERBY

  Earl of WARWICK 5

  COUNTESS of Salisbury his daughter

  Earl of SALISBURY her husband

  Sir William MONTAGUE his nephew

  Lord AUDLEY

  Lord PERCY 10

  LODWICK King Edward’s secretary

  John COPELAND Northern squire

  Two SQUIRES

  HERALD

  Sir Robert of ARTOIS created Earl of Richmond 15

  Lord MONTFORT Duke of Brittany

  GOBIN de Grâce a French prisoner

  The Scots

  KING DAVID the second, of Scotland

  Sir William DOUGLAS

  Two MESSENGERS 20

  The French and their Supporters

  KING JOHN of France

  Prince CHARLES, Duke

  of Normandy his eldest son

  Prince PHILIP his youngest son

  Duke of LORRAINE

  VILLIERS a noble French prisoner 25

  MARINER

  Three FRENCHMEN

  CITIZEN

  WOMAN with two children

  of Calais 30

  Three HERALDS

  CAPTAIN in King John’s army

  King of BOHEMIA 35

  POLONIAN CAPTAIN

  Four English Heralds; Danish, Muscovite and Polish Soldiers; French and English Soldiers; Drummers, Trumpeters

  LIST OF ROLES No list appears in Qq; first added by Capell. Forms of names in SDs and SPs are discussed only where they are in error or ambiguous (the final punctuation in SPs is not specified as it varies throughout Q as colon, stop or occasionally comma).

  1KING EDWARD Edward III (1312–77), first child of Edward II (1284–1327), placed on the English throne in 1327 by his mother, Queen Isabella (1295–1358), daughter of Philip IV of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer, who had deposed his father. In the following year Edward was married to Philippa of Hainault in York. Edward remained under Mortimer’s control until 1330, when, at the age of 18, he took full control of the realm and had Mortimer executed. His reputation as a great warrior is based on his famous victories of the Hundred Years War, especially at Sluys (1340), Crécy (1346) and Calais (1347). He was a great exponent of the values of chivalry, a quality which manifested itself notably in his treatment of women: ‘by rescuing the countess of Atholl, giving way to Queen Philippa’s prayers at Calais, and taking on the role of champion for Lady Wake, he publicly advertised his honourable intentions towards the opposite sex’ (W.M. Ormrod, ODNB). This reputation was somewhat tainted, however, in his later years, by his relationship with Alice Perrers (reputedly his mistress). For stories of Edward’s association with the Countess of Salisbury, see LR, 6n.

  2QUEEN Philippa Philippa of Hainault (1310?–69), wife of Edward III, daughter of Count William of Hainault and Holland (d. 1337) and Countess Joan (d. 1342), granddaughter of Philip III of France and sister-in-law to the Holy Roman Emperor, Ludwig of Bavaria. She bore Edward at least 12 children (seven sons and five daughters), of whom five died in childhood. Her relations with Edward appear to have been warm and close throughout their marriage. Her plea for the exercise of the royal prerogative of mercy (for which she had a reputation from early in the reign) for the six burghers of Calais (Sc. 18) is vouched for by early sources, including Froissart, who, like his predecessor and source Jean le Bel, was in her service. She is referred to variously in Q as ‘Queen Phillip’ or ‘Phillip’ (rather than ‘Philippa’), which is retained for metrical reasons, modernized to ‘Philippe’ to distinguish it from the male name (although the pronounciation is the same).

  3PRINCE EDWARD first child of King Edward III and Queen Philippa, born at Woodstock in 1330. He was formally appointed guardian of the realm in his father’s absence in 1338, 1340 and 1342, and became Prince of Wales in 1343. He is said to have received his first complete suit of armour at the age of seven, and was knighted by his father on their landing in France in 1346, to launch his military career (not, as in the play, after his victory at Crécy). His chivalric exploits and victories, especially at Crécy, Poitiers (1356) and Nájera (1367), remain the basis of his reputation. ‘Even his sobriquet, the Black Prince [absent from the play, but cf. ‘black Edward’, 13.111, and see LN on Title], which is not found until the Tudor period, is as obscure as his character; it has been variously attributed to his black armour and to French hatred of him’ (Richard Barber, ODNB). Prince Edward rather than his father was historically associated with a Countess of Salisbury: in 1361 Edward was granted a dispensation to marry his cousin, Joan, Countess of Kent, who had married William, son of the Earl of Salisbury, before 1341 (he became earl in 1349), having previously exchanged informal vows with Sir Thomas Holland (d. 1361). They had two sons: the elder, Edward, died before his father, leaving the younger to succeed in 1377 as Richard II. See also LR, 6n.

  4DERBY Henry of Grosmont (c. 1310–61), great-grandson of Henry III, and King Edward’s cousin, created successively Earl of Derby (1337) and 1st Duke of Lancaster (1351). Derby served in the campaigns of King Edward in Scotland in 1333–5 and 1341–2, becoming his lieutenant in Scotland in 1336. He was present at Sluys in 1340, and was confined in the Low Countries in 1340–1 as a hostage for Edward’s debts. His greatest success was as lieutenant of Aquitaine in 1345–7, occasioning his absence from Crécy, though he did reach Calais for the last phase of the siege in 1347 (Scs 10, 18). After further service in Brittany and at Rheims he returned to England, where he died in 1361, possibly of the plague. His daughter Blanche married Edward’s third son, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and was mother of Henry Bolingbroke, later King Henry IV. Elizabethan audiences may have associated the name Derby with the 5th Earl, Ferdinando Stanley, a prominent literary and theatrical patron, whose playing company, Lord Strange’s Men, possibly numbered Shakespeare among its members before 1594.

  5WARWICK Thomas Beauchamp (1313/14–69), 11th Earl of Warwick. Knighted in 1329, he served in Edward III’s Scottish campaigns of 1333–5 and 1337. In 1337 he was ‘appointed commander of the army in the north’, but after this ‘played a leading part’ in ‘most of the major campaigns’ in France (Anthony Tuck, ODNB). None of his six daughters was Countess of Salisbury, his fictional role as her father (Scs 1–3) deriving from a novella of Matteo Bandello, translated by William Painter in The Palace of Pleasure (1566). The titles of Salisbury and Warwick were historically connected, however, in the person of Richard Neville (1428–71), the renowned ‘kingmaker’ (of Edward IV and Henry VI) and a character in Shakespeare’s 2 and 3H6, who was Earl of Salisbury, and acquired the title of Earl of Warwick through his wife, Anne Beauchamp (only daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick). The Elizabethan Earl of Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, was brother to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and Sir Philip Sidney was his nephew. In 1562 it was Warwick that Elizabeth I sent to Newhaven (see 3.201n.) in support of the French Protestants during the French Wars of Religion. Although the expedition failed, his efforts were highly commended. As a notable patron of the arts, he had several works dedicated to him, among them Painter’s Palace of Pleasure. The title became extinct with his death in 1590 but was recreated under James I.

  6COUNTESS of Salisbury Katharine Montague (d. 1349), youngest daughter of William, 1st Lord Grandison, was the historical Countess, wife of the play’s Salisbury from c. 1327. After her husband’s death in 1344 she made a vow of chastity. No evidence suggests that Edward pursued her, and her husband was among the King’s close friends. From Polydore Vergil onwards, however, various stories link Edward with a Countess of Salisbury. One (glanced at, e.g., in Holinshed, 3.366) claims that she was the lady whose garter (retrieved by Edward when she lost it while dancing) inspired the founding of the chivalric Order of the Garter, with its motto, ‘Honi soit qui mal y pense’. The Countess of Salisbury episode in the play (Scs 2, 3) originates in Froissart (translated into English by Lord Berners), with its much toned-down version of Jean le Bel’s earlier depiction in his chronicle of a Countess of Salisbury, besieged in her castle, rescued by Edward III, but later violently raped by him while her husband was in prison in France. Froissart suppresses the rape (but see Ker, lxxii–lxxv, for his description, omitted from Berners’s translation, of an erotically charged game of chess). No known evidence links these stories to Katharine, leaving the real identity of the ‘Countess’ a puzzle. Many continental writers name the Countess ‘Alys’ or ‘Aelips’. Painter, translating Bandello’s fictional amplification of Froissart’s story, touches on the confusion in prefatory comments to his novella, suggesting that the story alludes rather to the Black Prince’s courtship of his wife, Joan of Kent (Painter, sig. 3P4r; see LR, 3n.). Drayton, Epistles (1600), transfers the story to an exchange of epistles between the Black Prince and the Countess (sigs E1v–8v; for the specific allusion to Painter’s story, see sigs E7r–8r). Packe, in his biography of Edward III, rules out Joan of Kent as a possible candidate (she was only 13 at the time of the proposed siege of the castle in 1341, and was not Countess of Salisbury until 1349 and then only briefly). He identifies the Countess as the Earl of Salisbury’s sister-in-law, Alice (claiming that the name, rather than the title, was the only detail le Bel got right). Packe suggests that her husband, the Earl’s brother, Edward Montague (not William, the name given to the governor by le Bel and followed by Froissart) was governor of the castle at the time of the proposed siege, as the only historical William Montague other than the Earl himself was his son, who was too young (see LR, 8n.). It was Edward, rather than William, who then sought the King’s aid, and his wife (having accompanied him) who became the object of the King’s attentions. Alice was indeed the aunt (2.82) of the younger William Montague (the relationship correctly asserted by le Bel and Froissart, even if they confused William’s role; see Packe, 105–23). While conceding that ‘this romantic episode is not mentioned in any contemporary English source’ (107), Packe attributes the omission to an English ‘cover-up’ of criminal violence by Edward III. A more plausible explanation is that such stories may ‘have originated in French attempts to defame [his] character’ (W.M. Ormrod, ODNB; see also Gransden, 340–4). The play diplomatically leaves the Countess unnamed. Q’s ‘Salsbury’ (1.131) probably indicates the required pronunciation. Elsewhere, Q spells the name in full, though metre indicates trisyllabic pronunciation, except at 2.523, 542, 3.18 and 13.109 where it appears to require only two syllables (Sal’sbr’y).

  7SALISBURY William Montague (1301–44), 1st Earl of Salisbury, son of William, 2nd Lord Montague (d. 1319) and Elizabeth de Montfort. He was married, in or before 1327, to Katharine Grandison, with whom he had six children. In the same year, Montague joined Edward III’s Scottish expedition and became a close friend and confidential envoy of the King. Among the grants Edward made to him was the manor of Wark in Northumberland, on the river Tweed (thought by some commentators to be the true besieged castle, unnamed by le Bel and Froissart, in the story of the Countess of Salisbury: see 1.129–31 LN and Packe, 111). In 1337, after further military service in Scotland, he was created Earl of Salisbury. He played a leading role in negotiations with Emperor Ludwig and subsequently in Edward’s French campaigns. He was captured by the French in April 1340, but released on parole in September that same year and granted his official freedom in 1342; Froissart’s claim that he was in prison in France in 1341 during the purported siege of his castle is inaccurate. Apart from brief and infrequent visits to England, he continued to serve in the campaign in Brittany (1342–3: Scs 9, 18, and see 1.133–4n.) and was an envoy to Castile in 1343. His death in 1344 is reliably attributed to wounds received at the tournament to celebrate Edward’s foundation of his round table of 2,300 knights (see W.M. Ormrod, ODNB). His role in the episode of the safe-conduct from Brittany to Calais (Scs 9, 13 and 18) is unhistorical, being related by Froissart, 306–8, as an exploit of Sir Walter Manny. On the pronunciation of his name, see LR, 6n.

  8Sir William MONTAGUE In Froissart, 190, followed by the play, he is the son of Salisbury’s sister, and governor of the besieged castle of the Earl of Salisbury during the latter’s absence in France. Other than the Earl himself, the only historical William Montague was his son, the 2nd Earl (1328–97), who fought at Crécy and was a prominent captain at Poitiers. The role as it appears both in Froissart and in the play (Scs 1 and 2) is thus essentially fictional; see LR, 6n. Q spells his name ‘Mountague’, modernized in this edition.

  9AUDLEY Sir James Audley (c. 1318–69), illegitimate son of Sir James Audley (d. 1334) of Stratton Audley, Oxfordshire. Though a member of Prince Edward’s entourage at least from 1346, and so presumably present both at the knighting of the Prince and at Crécy (Scs 6–8), it was for his valour at Poitiers (1356) and for his generosity in rewarding the four squires who saved him (Scs 12, 16–17; cf. LR, 13n.) that he earned Froissart’s admiration. The play’s unhistorical portrayal of Audley as an old man has led some productions to assume his death from his wounds (despite his presence in Sc. 18). In fact he recovered to pursue his military career in Aquitaine, where he died in 1369. In Q, his SPs are ‘Aud’ and ‘Au’, except for two misprints: ‘Ar’ at 3.22 (sig. D2v), and ‘An’ at 8.41 (sig. G1v), where the ‘n’ may be a turned ‘u’.

  10PERCY Henry (1301–52), 2nd Lord Percy, knighted in 1322, when he first served against the Scots. On the accession of Edward III he was appointed commander of defences in the north of England and Chief Warden of the Scottish borders. As Warden of the Realm, in partnership with Ralph Neville, during the King’s absence in France, he played a leading part in opposing the Scottish invasion by King David II in 1346 which culminated in the defeat and capture of David at Neville’s Cross (Scs 10, 18). See 3.199 LN.

  11LODWICK The fictional role of the King’s secretary (Scs 2, 3) is derived from Painter, who portrays him only as a go-between (not a writer of love poems) and does not name him. Muir repudiates Swinburne’s characterization of Lodwick as merely a ‘pimp’ (Swinburne, 245): ‘It can hardly be doubted that Lodowick’s lines were written deliberately to remind the King that he is proposing to commit a sin. Swinburne’s word for Lodowick is quite undeserved. If Lodowick was Shakespeare’s creation he is the only one of his poets who emerges with much credit’ (Muir, ‘Poets’, 95). The most frequent form of the name in Q has been adopted for consistency (‘Lodowike’ occurs only once, at 2.225, the second time he is named in the dialogue, and is metrically insignificant). His usual SP is ‘Lo’ (12 times); five times it is misprinted as ‘Lor’ (2.167 (sig. B3v), 246, 261, 265 (sig. C1r) and 359 (sig. C2v)), presumably on the compositor’s mistaken assumption that Lorraine is the speaker (see LR, 24n. and p. 121). The name is found in several other plays: most intriguingly, ‘Lodowicke’ is the name of Hastings’s servant in True Trag. of R3 (1594), another ‘moral poet’, who, after the death of Edward IV, refuses to relieve Mrs Shore (Edward IV’s mistress) in her misery: ‘for feare I should be seene talke with her, I will shun her company and get me to my chamber, and there set downe in heroicall verse, the shameful end of a Kings Concubin, which is no doubt as wonderfull as the desolation of a kingdome’ (TLN 1076–9).

  12COPELAND John Copeland (‘Copland’ in Q), a Northumberland squire, captured King David of Scotland at the battle of Neville’s Cross (1346), when the latter, badly wounded, was trying to escape. Copeland then proved reluctant to give him up to anyone other than King Edward, who was at Calais, and secured David until he had specific orders from Edward to hand him over. Froissart, 315, is the source for Copeland’s journey to Calais, though his transporting of King David there too is the play’s invention to amplify the powerful tableau of England’s victories at the end (see Scs 10, 18). On Edward’s orders, via his commissioners in England, David was finally conveyed to London and Copeland was made knight-banneret with an annuity of £500 (the first such promotion for a military exploit).

  13Two SQUIRES Audley’s generosity to the four squires who saved him at Poitiers is recorded by Froissart, 383–4, and Holinshed, 3.390. ‘[T]heir names elude scholars: the tradition that they were Delves of Doddington, Foulehurst of Barthomley, Hawkestone of Wrinehill, and Dutton of Dutton – all men of Cheshire – cannot be traced before the late seventeenth century’ (Michael Jones, ‘Audley, Sir James’, ODNB). The play reduces them to the minimum of two required to support the gravely wounded Audley (Scs 16, 17).

  15ARTOIS Robert de Beaumont-le-Roger (1287–1342), brother-in-law to Philip VI of France, claimed a right to the county of Artois, which passed from his father to his aunt. He became Philip VI’s closest adviser, seeking his influence to regain the title. Philip was persuaded to hold the county in the name of the crown while Robert’s claim was investigated. However, on the death of the Countess of Artois in 1329 the title passed to the Duchess of Burgundy, wife of another of Philip’s brothers-in-law. This rival claim by the wife of a principal member of the French nobility, together with the discovery that documents supporting Robert’s claim had been forged, led to his loss of Philip’s favour, and he fled the country to avoid prosecution. Banished from France, he reached England in disguise in 1334. As relations with France deteriorated, Robert’s many French connections made him useful to the English, further alienating Philip, whose anger against his brother-in-law led to an over-simplifying and propagandist claim that Robert’s ‘intrigues … [were] the main cause of the war, and [Philip’s] version of events, however disingenuous, found general acceptance in France’ (Sumption, 1.170). He saw service in Edward’s initial campaigns against France, but was not made Earl of Richmond until much later than the play (and the chronicles) suggest, as the Duke of Brittany, John III, held the title until he died in 1341. Artois did not hold the title for long as he died in 1342 of dysentery, having been wounded in the Breton campaign in aid of Montfort. His survival in the play until 1356 and his presence at Poitiers are unhistorical. For the argument that Artois is a composite, rather than merely extended, role, see Melchiori, 202.