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  Eva Hart: Eva Hart, as told to Ron Denney, A Girl Aboard the Titanic (Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing, 2014).

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  “The agony of that night can never be told”: Judith B. Geller, Titanic: Women and Children First (London: W. W. Norton, 1998), 120.

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  voyage data recorders: Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai, “Pirate Hackers Can Easily Spy on Ships Through Insecure ‘Black Boxes,’ ” Vice, December 9, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en/article/53dzn5/pirate-hackers-can-easily-spy-on-ships-through-insecure-black-boxes.

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  nautical forensics by National Geographic: TITANIC EXPLORA, “How Sank the TITANIC? New Sinking Theory 2012 by James Cameron,” December 5, 2012, YouTube video, 2:57, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyYMY7JsNNY.

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  length of rope a mile deep: Peter J. Herring and Malcolm R. Clarke, eds., Deep Oceans (London: Praeger, 1971).

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  an implosion so forceful: Walter Lord, A Night to Remember: The Classic Account of the Final Hours of the Titanic (1955; New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2005).

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  Gabr scuba dove: Elizabeth Palermo, “Man Sets World Record for Deepest Underwater Dive,” Scientific American, September 26, 2014.

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  water below six hundred feet turns black: “How Far Does Light Travel in the Ocean?,” National Ocean Service, last updated November 5, 2021, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/light_travel.html.

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  twilight zone: “Exploring Our Fluid Earth,” University of Hawai’i, accessed February 16, 2020, https://manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth.

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  fish, mollusks, crustaceans: “The Open Ocean,” MarineBio Conservation Society, published June 17, 2018, https://www.marinebio.org/oceans/open-ocean.

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  chemical bioluminescence: “Bioluminescence,” Smithsonian Ocean—Find Your Blue, December 18, 2018, https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/fish/bioluminescence.

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  tubeshoulders: Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande, and Mark V. H. Wilson, Fishes of the World, 5th ed. (New York: Wiley, 2016).

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  excavate the ship’s famous telegraph: Vanessa Romo, “Expedition to Salvage Titanic’s Wireless Telegraph Gets the Go-Ahead,” NPR, May 20, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/05/20/859960432/expedition-to-salvage-titanics-wireless-telegraph-gets-the-go-ahead.

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  the ship’s front hatch cover: Maryanne Culpepper, “Titanic: The Final Word with James Cameron,” National Geographic TV, Vimeo clip, 1:38:52, https://vimeo.com/87420251.

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  women and children go last: Mikael Elinder and Oscar Erixson, “Gender, Social Norms, and Survival in Maritime Disasters,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 33 (2012): 13220–3224, doi:10.1073/pnas.1207156109.

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  argument against women’s suffrage: Alison George, “Sinking the Titanic ‘Women and Children First’ Myth,” New Scientist, July 30, 2012, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22119-sinking-the-titanic-women-and-children-first-myth.

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  an investigation by the British Board of Trade: Brian J. Ticehurst, “British Wreck Commissioner’s Inquiry,” Titanic Inquiry Project, accessed June 12, 2020, https://www.titanicinquiry.org/BOTInq/BOT01.php.

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  a fashion designer named Lucy Duff-Gordon: Lucy Duff-Gordon, Discretions and Indiscretions (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1932).

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  ships in distress would use SOS: Radio News (New York: Experimenter Publishing Company, 1923), 435.

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  The technology had its limits: Sungook Hong, “Marconi’s Error: The First Transatlantic Wireless Telegraphy in 1901,” Social Research 72, no. 1 (2005): 107–24.

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  communicate was by colored flags: The 1931 International Code of Signals (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933).

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  passengers were permitted: Erin Blakemore, “Why Titanic’s First Call for Help Wasn’t an SOS Signal,” National Geographic, May 28, 2020, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-titanic-first-call-help-not-sos-signal.

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  city editor named Charles Crane: “Four-Word Bulletin Touched Off Frenzy,” The Columbus Dispatch, April 14, 2012.

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  CHAPTER 2: THE DEATH AND BIRTH OF GREAT SHIPS

  One summer when he was a boy: Doug Woolley, in-person interview by author, London, March 6, 2020.

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  “At this rate, you’ll never”: Woolley, in-person interview by author.

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  “The characters I created”: Doug Woolley, in-person interview by author, London, March 7, 2020.

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  Davy Jones’s locker: Tobias George Smollett, The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (London: R. Baldwin and J. Richardson; and D. Wilson and T. Durham, 1758).

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  British scientist named William Keatinge: W. R. Keatinge, “Death After Shipwreck,” The British Medical Journal 2, no. 5477 (1965): 1537–41.

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  Hypothermia happens twenty-five times faster: “Cold Stress—Cold Water Immersion,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, last updated June 6, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/coldwaterimmersion.html.

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  World War II wrecks: “A Regional Strategy to Address Marine Pollution from World War II Wrecks,” Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, July 2002, https://www.sprep.org/attachments/Legal/Marinewrecks.pdf.

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  desert of Namibia: “Three Shipwrecks on Namibia’s Skeleton Coast,” Namibia: Endless Horizons, accessed March 22, 2020, https://namibiatourism.com.na/blog/Three-Shipwrecks-on-Namibia-s-Skeleton-Coast.

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  cornfields in Kansas: Luke Spencer, “How a Champagne-Laden Steamship Ended Up in a Kansas Cornfield,” Atlas Obscura, July 20, 2016, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-a-champagneladen-steamship-ended-up-in-a-kansas-cornfield.

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  After the Twin Towers fell: Kate Langin, “Wooden Ship Unearthed at World Trade Center Site from Revolutionary-Era Philadelphia,” National Geographic, July 31, 2014, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/140731-world-trade-center-ship-tree-rings-science-archaeology.

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  $60 billion: Rob Goodier, “What’s the Total Value of the World’s Sunken Treasure?,” Popular Mechanics, February 22, 2012, https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a7425/whats-the-total-value-of-the-worlds-sunken-treasure.

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  “the most valuable treasure”: “ ‘The Most Valuable Treasure in History’: Colombian President Declares Shipwreck Has Lots of Loot but Location Is Being Kept Top Secret,” Associated Press, December 6, 2015.

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  In 2016, divers working for the Dutch government: Kathryn Miles, “The Thieves Who Steal Sunken Warships, Right Down to the Bolts,” Outside, May 2, 2017.

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  the USS Cole: Lessons Learned from the Attack on U.S.S. Cole, on the Report of the Crouch-Gehman Commission, and on the Navy’s Judge Advocate General Manual Investigation into the Attack, Including a Review of Appropriate Standards of Accountability for U.S. Military Services, 107th Cong. (2001).

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  Henry Ford to the White House: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: Historical Sketches: Letters R through S. Appendices: Submarine Chasers, Eagle-Class Patrol Craft (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1959), 744.

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  construction began on the Titanic: William MacQuitty, Titanic Memories: The Making of “A Night to Remember” (London: National Maritime Museum, 2000).

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  No. 3 bar iron instead of the top-of-the-line No. 4 bar: William Broad, “In Weak Rivets, a Possible Key to Titanic’s Doom,” The New York Times, April 15, 2008.

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  metallurgical analysis: Tim Foecke, “Metallurgy of the RMS Titanic,” Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, 1998.

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  “Being in a ship”: Pacific Marine Review 44 (1947): 37.

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  In 1797, the Parr: Brendan Wolfe, “Slave Ships and the Middle Passage,” Encyclopedia Virginia, February 1, 2021.

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  “spoonways”: Liverpool and Slavery: An Historical Account of the Liverpool-African Slave Trade (Liverpool, UK: A. Bowker & Son, 1884).

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  An anonymously published account: Liverpool and Slavery.

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  As many as one in six: Elizabeth Mancke and Carole Shammas, eds., The Creation of the British Atlantic World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).

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  Revenue Cutter Service: William H. Thiesen, “The Long Blue Line: Merry Christmas Coast Guard—180 Years of Search and Rescue!,” Coast Guard Compass, December 21, 2017, https://coastguardblogcom.wpcomstaging.com/2017/12/21/tlbl-180-years-search-and-rescue.

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  In January 1837, a three-masted sailing barque: Thiesen, “The Long Blue Line.”

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  the Savannah, in 1819: Bradley Sheard, Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York (New York: Aqua Quest Publications, 1998).

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  paddle steamer Great Western: Francis Bradley, International Marine Engineering (New York: Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company, 1910), 417.

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  Nearly all advances in shipping: Paul Heyer, Titanic Legacy: Disaster as Media Event and Myth (New York: Praeger, 1995).

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  American-based Collins line: “The Steamships of the Collins Line,” Scientific American, April 24, 1858.

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  Great Eastern, a nineteen-thousand-ton leviathan: G. Hutchinson, History of the “Great Eastern” Steamship (Liverpool, UK: Cassell, 1887).

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  hobbled the White Star Line: Wilton J. Oldham, The Ismay Line: The Titanic, the White Star Line and the Ismay Family (Luton, UK: Andrews UK Limited, 2013).

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  survivors who had been picked up: Charles R. Pellegrino, Ghosts of the Titanic (New York: HarperCollins, 2000).

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  about 60 decibels: “What Noises Cause Hearing Loss?,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 7, 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hearing_loss/what_noises_cause_hearing_loss.html.

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  Blue whale calls: Ella Davies, “The World’s Loudest Animal Might Surprise You,” Asia One, April 8, 2016, https://www.asiaone.com/worlds-loudest-animal-might-surprise-you.

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  In the 1940s, marine scientists: National Research Council of the National Academies, Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2003).

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  geophysicist named Maurice Ewing: Paul Théberge, Kyle Devine, and Tom Everrett, eds., Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015).

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  sound fixing and ranging (or SOFAR) channel: “What Is SOFAR?,” National Ocean Service, last updated February 26, 2021, https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sofar.html.

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  CHAPTER 3: THE MOVEMENT FROM ORDER TO CHAOS

  Late Heavy Bombardment: Adam Mann, “Bashing Holes in the Tale of Earth’s Troubled Youth,” Nature 553, no. 7689 (2018): 393–95, doi:10.1038/d41586-018-01074-6.

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  The second theory: Linda T. Elkins-Tanton, “Formation of Early Water Oceans on Rocky Planets,” Astrophysics and Space Science 332, no. 2 (2010): 359–64, doi:10.1007/s10509-010-0535-3.

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  “I love talking about this”: Elkins-Tanton, “Formation of Early Water Oceans on Rocky Planets”; Linda T. Elkins-Tanton, telephone interview by author, May 6, 2020.

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  Inside every rock: Brandon Schmandt et al., “Dehydration Melting at the Top of the Lower Mantle,” Science 344, no. 6189 (2014): 1265–68, doi:10.1126/science.1253358.

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  all of the water on earth: “Where Is Earth’s Water?,” U.S. Geological Survey, October 25, 2019, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/distribution-water-and-above-earth.

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  require Congress to do something: Tom Kuntz, The Titanic Disaster Hearings: The Official Transcripts of the 1912 Senate Investigation (New York: Pocket Books, 1998).

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  Senator Smith was less interested: Daniel Allen Butler, The Other Side of the Night: The Carpathia, the Californian, and the Night the Titanic Was Lost (Philadelphia: Casemate Publishers, 2009), 139.

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  the Waldorf-Astoria: Butler, The Other Side of the Night, 147.

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  “What were the circumstances”: Kuntz, The Titanic Disaster Hearings, 14.

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  The British Board of Trade conducted: John Charles Bigham Mersey and Hon. Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, Loss of the Steamship “Titanic”: Report of a Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Attending the Foundering on April 15, 1912, of the British Steamship “Titanic,” of Liverpool (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1912).

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  proposed regulations: John Lang, Titanic: A Fresh Look at the Evidence by a Former Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012).

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  “This should be the occasion”: “United States Senate Inquiry,” Titanic Inquiry Project, accessed May 2020, https://www.titanicinquiry.org/USInq/USReport/AmInqRepSmith02.php.

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  “it marks the movement”: Josiah Blackmore, Manifest Perdition: Shipwreck Narrative and the Disruption of Empire (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 52.

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  SS Atlantus, an old concrete ship: “The Concrete Ship SS Atlantus,” Cape May County Herald, August 18, 2017, https://www.capemaycountyherald.com/community/article_0fd91156-844c-11e7-9a9d-0b206a7982c0.html.

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  “I’ve been trying to get”: Parks Stephenson, telephone interview by author, May 21, 2020.

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  sitting awkwardly upside down: Sam Roberts, “99 Years Later, Navy Probing Warship Disaster Off Long Island,” The New York Times, September 17, 2017.

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