S

  Sagalevich, Anatoly, 270

  salt in seawater, 67. See also corrosion and rust

  Salvage Code Red (television series), 256–57

  salvage companies, 31, 190

  salvage rights, 115–22, 157–63, 227–28

  USS San Diego, 56

  San José, 31

  San Juan, 167

  Santa Barbara Channel, 30

  Santa Maria, xi, 152

  Savannah, 38–39

  Saved from the Titanic (film), 112

  Schliemann, Heinrich, 212

  Schlumberger, 169

  Scientific American, 62, 81, 93

  USS Scorpion, 248

  scrapping ships, 147. See also shipbreaking industry

  Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 182, 202, 211–12, 216

  scuba diving, 14–15, 41, 68

  scuttling ships, 58–61, 85, 86, 185–87

  The Sea Around Us (Carson), 183

  seafloor

  and Ballard’s research background, 253

  and cold-water currents, 63

  collecting samples of, 63–64

  and condition of Titanic wreck, 176, 207

  Darwin’s desert theory, 94–95, 181–82

  and feasibility of Titanic salvage, 94–95, 218

  and Grimm’s Titanic search, 212, 214, 218, 221–22

  mapping projects, 152–53

  and Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 124–25

  and munitions disposal, 60

  and Stephenson and Compton’s salvage plan, 238

  Seamen’s Church Institute, 112

  Sea Transport Branch (British Board of Trade), 140

  Seawise Giant, 100

  Seawise Salvage, 159

  Seawise University, 158

  Selman, Chris and Allison, 208–9

  Semester at Sea program, 158

  Seven Stones Reef, 7

  sewage pollution, 220

  Shackleton, Ernest, xii, 229–30

  Shatto, Howard, 169

  Shears, John, 230

  shear stresses, 133–34

  Shell, 169

  “Shine” folktale, 113

  shipbreaking industry, 188–89

  shipbuilding industry, 34–35, 66, 220, 261

  “shipfall” of Titanic, 13–17, 55–56, 61–62, 268

  shipworms, 88

  side-scanning cameras, 197

  sideswipe damage, 55–56

  Silent Spring (Carson), 59–60, 183

  silver in shipwrecks, 31, 106, 126–27, 202

  The Six (film), 113

  Slade, Philip, 180

  slavery and slave ships, 36–38

  Slave Wrecks Project, 38

  Smith, Charles

  assessment of salvage plans, 92–95, 111, 231

  and Beazley’s Titanic search, 125–26

  and Grimm’s Titanic search, 204

  mining and engineering background, 74–75, 275

  and Project Azorian, 142

  publicity and funding for Titanic salvage, 91–92, 99–100, 102–6

  and Stephenson and Compton’s salvage plan, 238

  Titanic search plan of, 74–79, 77, 80–84, 98–99

  and Woolley’s search and salvage plan, 130

  Smith, Edward, 116

  Smith, Francis Pettit, 223–24

  Smith, J. Alden, 75

  Smith, William Alden, 49–50, 75

  Smithsonian Institution, 38, 146

  smuggling boats, 147

  sonar

  and aircraft recovery, 177

  and Ballard’s background, 252

  and Challenger salvage, 146

  and discovery of Titanic site, 247

  and Grimm’s Titanic search, 197, 200, 203–4, 206, 212, 216, 233

  invention of, 81

  and Mid-Atlantic Ridge discovery, 124–25

  and search for Titanic, 152

  surveys of Titanic wreck site, 267–68

  towed sonar rigs, 180–81, 201, 214, 216–17, 221, 227

  and USS Monitor salvage, 151

  sonograms, 206

  “SOS” calls, 19–20

  sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel, 43

  soundscape exhibition of Titanic, 53

  Spanish-American War, 85–87

  Spanish Armada, xi

  Spiess, Fred, 202, 211, 216

  Starr, Kenny, 205

  statistical analysis of shipwrecks, 57

  steam-powered ships, 38–39, 39–40, 74, 136

  Steele, John, 250

  steel hulls, 31, 34–35, 207

  Stephenson, Parks, 55–56, 238

  stern section of Titanic, 35, 268

  Strait of Lombok, 7

  Strait of Makassar, 7

  submarines and submersible vehicles

  acoustic detection of, 43

  Aluminaut, 212

  Alvin, 172–73

  Argo, 247–48, 249, 252

  early versions, 82

  and feasibility of Titanic salvage, 93

  and giant squid footage, 65

  and Great Britain salvage, 136

  Jason, 249

  K-129, 142

  NR-1 nuclear submarines, 145–46

  nuclear-powered submarines, 145–46, 248

  and Project Azorian, 141–44

  remote-operated vehicles, 146, 171, 181

  scavenging of wrecks, 32

  Scorpion, 248

  and Smith’s Titanic search, 76–78, 77, 82, 99

  Thresher, 248

  wooden submarines, 93–94

  Suez Canal, 221

  surface of ocean, 13, 152–53. See also waves

  survival skills for shipwrecks, 18

  survivors of shipwrecks, 10–11, 18–19, 28–29

  HMAS Sydney, 228

  syntactic foam, 239

  T

  Taft, Helen, 112

  target practice on old ships, 58–59

  Tek Sing, 10, 29

  telegraph, 16, 19–20, 21

  temperature of water, 43, 185

  terrorist attacks, 33

  Tharp, Marie, 124

  Thiel, Hjalmar, 168

  Thompson, Thomas, 119

  USS Thresher, 248

  Thunman, Ronald, 248

  time zones, 199

  Titanic (film), 256, 274

  Titanic and Seawise Salvage, 162

  Titanic Canyon, 218

  The Titanic Commutator, 164

  Titanic Enthusiasts of America, 116

  Titanic Historical Society, 116, 164–66, 269

  Titanic II (proposed), 272–76

  Titanic Salvage Company, 159

  torpedoes and torpedo-sunk ships

  SS City of Cairo, 200–202

  USS Dewey, 85–86

  famous sunk ships, 54

  USS Houston, 32

  RMS Lusitania, 104

  nuclear torpedoes in sunk ships, 144

  Principe Umberto, 106

  USS Scorpion, 248

  and World War I, 111

  tourism, 136, 268–69, 274

  Towson, John Thomas, 2

  trash in oceans, 219–21, 269

  Travelers Insurance Company, 112

  treasure hunting

  and Beazley, 126

  and SS Central America salvage, 119

  and funding for salvage operations, 190

  and Grimm’s background, 196

  media coverage of, 106

  and preservation of wreck sites, 176

  and technological advances, 162–63

  Treasure Coast, 126–27

  treasures associated with Titanic, 117

  See also gold in shipwrecks; silver in shipwrecks

  Trieste, 124

  tubeshoulders, 15

  Tung Chao-yung, 158–60

  twilight zone, 15

  Twin Towers excavation site, 30

  Twyford, 126

  U

  UB-28, 104

  U-boats, 104, 156

  ultrasonic boom to dislodge Titanic, 130, 131

  ultrasonic imaging devices, 152

  Umbria, 68

  underwater acoustics, 41–44. See also sonar

  underwater debris database, 218–19

  underwater mapping programs, 152–53

  United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), xii

  SS United States, 188

  U.S. Coast Guard, 2, 38, 57, 212, 226

  U.S. Congress, 59, 220

  U.S. Department of Defense, 59–61

  U.S. Hydrographic Office, 62

  U.S. Naval Academy, 237–38

  U.S. Navy

  and Ballard’s Titanic search, 252

  deep-water craft development, 171–72

  expansion of naval forces, 103

  and feasibility of Titanic salvage, 93–94

  and hearings on Titanic loss, 50

  and rust protection measures, 66

  salvage of Spanish gunboats, 85

  salvage of the USS Maine, 87–89

  and seafloor mapping, 214

  sonar advances, 247

  See also specific ship names

  U.S. Senate, hearings on Titanic loss, 50–53

  U.S. Treasury, 102

  V

  Vanuatu, 134

  Vasa, 8

  Verne, Jules, 65

  Vespucci, Amerigo, 36

  HMS Victoria, 192

  video surveys of Titanic wreck site, 267–68

  Vietnam War, 167

  vigils for shipwreck victims, 112

  Viking explorers, 36, 71

  virtual reality re-creations of Titanic, 267–68

  viscosity of water, 76

  W

  wagering fad, 91

  Walsh, Don, 124

  SS Waratah, 152

  War of Spanish Succession, 31

  water cycle, 47

  water pressure

  and condition of Titanic, 173–74

  equalization process, 56

  and feasibility of Titanic salvage, 96–96

  and Mearns’s salvage plan, 236

  and Titanic’s depth, 82

  and Titanic’s “shipfall,” 13–15

  waves, 5, 7, 8

  Weddell Sea, 230

  Welles, Orson, 204

  Wells, H. G., 21

  Western Boundary Current, 207

  whales, 42–43, 63, 73, 98

  whaling ships, 73, 167

  White Star Line

  and hearings on Titanic loss, 50–53

  merger with Cunard, 120

  origins of, 40–41

  PR efforts, 250

  and salvage rights on Titanic, 117, 121

  and Smith’s Titanic search, 91

  Williams, Craig, 61

  Wilson, Woodrow, 34, 55, 103

  winemaking, 68

  “women and children first” custom, 18, 73–74

  wooden vessels, 69, 93–94