Salcano is today part of Nova Gorica, Slovenia. Vertjoba is now Vrtojba, Slovenia.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 65

  Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929; Scribner Classics, 1997), 12.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 66

  Pierluigi Lodi and Raffaella Sgubin, “L’Ultimo Inverno della Nizza Austriaca Nello Sguardo di André Kertész,” in André Kertész: Inediti a Gorizia — Dicembre 1914/Marzo 1915 (Musei Provinciali di Gorizia, 2004), 7. My thanks to Gianfranco Ellero for this catalog.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 67

  AK, Kertész on Kertész: A Self-Portrait (Abbeville Press, 1985), 22.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 68

  GRI, letter from JK and Ernesztina Kertész to AK, November 17, 1914.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 69

  Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (Purdue University Press, 1976), 141.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 70

  AK quoted in Kincses, “A Belated Interview with André Kertész,” 102.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 71

  AK quoted in GRI, Ugrin, Part III: Sixty Years of Photography. For Soldier Writing a Letter, Görz, Austria, see Anna Fárová, André Kertész, edited by Robert Sagalyn (Grossman, 1966), image 7.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 72

  MPP, letter from JK to AK, November 17, 1914.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 73

  GRI, AK diary, March 28, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 74

  AK diary, July 8–15, 1915, translated by Bulcsú Veress, in “Chronology, 1894–1985,” 247.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 75

  GRI, AK diary, July 8–15, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 76

  CHAPTER TWO

  GRI, AK diary, July 8–15, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1

  See S. Ansky, The Enemy at His Pleasure: A Journey Through the Jewish Pale of Settlement During World War I, edited and translated by Joachim Neugroschel (Metropolitan Books, 2003), 3.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2

  GRI, AK diary, July 8–15, 1915. The hut may have belonged to Poles, but Andor was not in Poland. Many people of Polish origin lived in Galicia. The Russians drove home their point of view by using the name “Poland” for Austrian-ruled Galicia. Andor’s entire fighting career transpired in the Habsburg province.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3

  AK diary, July 15, 1915, in László Beke, “The Hungarian Period (1894–1925): A Photographer from Birth,” in Pierre Borhan, André Kertész: His Life and Work (Bulfinch Press Book/Little, Brown: 1994), 37.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4

  Mitulin and Lonie are today known as Mytulyn and Loni.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5

  János Bodnár, ed., “Talking to André Kertész,” in André Kertész: Magyarországon (Főfoto, 1984), 91. On the Allied side, most camera-toting soldiers carried a Vest Pocket Kodak, which took 127-format roll film. Using film would have made Andor’s life easier. But when he tried a few film packs with his Goerz Tenax, he found the results insufficiently sharp. See Roger Clark, “The Fall & Rise of André Kertész,” The British Journal of Photography 132, no. 6401 (April 1985): 359. See also Jane Carmichael, First World War Photographers (Routledge, 1989), 10.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6

  GRI, letter from JK to AK, August 17, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7

  George Szirtes, “Kertész: Latrine,” Poetry (February 2008), https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/50738/kertesz-latrine. Latrine at the Frontline, Poland can be seen at https://art.nelson-atkins.org/objects/47882/latrine-at-the-frontline-poland.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8

  Unknown widow quoted by AK in Colin Ford, “Introduction,” in National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, André Kertész: A Ninetieth Birthday Celebration (National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, 1984), 8.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9

  AK diary, August 11, 1912, translated by Bulcsú Veress, “Chronology, 1894–1985,” in Sarah Greenough, Robert Gurbo, and Sarah Kennel, André Kertész (National Gallery of Art/Princeton University Press, 2005), 248.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10

  Andor initially labeled this picture “Bilinski,” but there was no village called Bilinski in Galicia. Evidently, he had misunderstood “Zalishchyky,” the name of the town on the Dniester River that was the birthplace of the former governor of Galicia, Leon Biliński. The Eternal Tender Touch appears in AK, Hungarian Memories (New York Graphic Society/Little, Brown, 1982), 105.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11

  The first wave of Jews arrived on August 21, 1915. See MPP, letter from Frigyes Groszmann to AK, October 24(?), 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12

  Frigyes Groszmann, “Flashback from the Middle Ages,” Egyenlőség, October 24, 1915. I used a translation of this article by Gergely Tóth. Groszmann was murdered in the Holocaust.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13

  John Lukacs, Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 153.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14

  MPP, letter from AK to JK, August 11, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15

  Letter from JK to AK, August 23, 1915, in Greenough, Gurbo, and Kennel, André Kertész, 270n57.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16

  MPP, postcard from AK to Ernesztina Kertész, IK, JK, and Lipót Hoffmann, August 23, 1915, translated into French by Katalin Szabolcs-Perry.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17

  Ibid., postcard from AK to Jolán Balog, August 23, 1915, translated by Gergely Tóth.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18

  “Official Reports of the Operations,” The New York Times, September 1, 1915.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19

  Ansky, The Enemy at His Pleasure, 176.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20

  Károly Kincses, “A Belated Interview with André Kertész,” The Hungarian Quarterly 47, no. 181 (Spring 2006): 100.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21

  Sylvia Plachy, “Hungary by Heart,” Artforum International 24 (February 1986): 90.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22

  Hungarian National Museum, André Kertész in Esztergom (Hungarian National Museum, 2024), 24–25.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23

  André Kertész of the Cities: Budapest, Paris, New York: Portrait of André Kertész, directed by Teri Wehn-Damisch (TF1 with support of the French Ministry of Culture, 1986; Biography Series American Masters, 1988).

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24

  Young Intellectual Notables from a Small Town appears in AK, Hungarian Memories, 68.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25

  Ibid., 112.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26

  Carol Schwalberg, “André Kertész: Unsung Pioneer,” U.S. Camera 26, no. 1 (January 1963): 64.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27

  Although this phrase has been widely quoted and attributed to General Erich Ludendorff, he probably never used exactly those words. See Mesut Uyar, review of Austro-Hungarian War Aims in the Balkans During World War I (review no. 1846), Reviews in History (January 2015), doi: 10.14296/RiH/2014/1846.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28

  “Hungary in Straits for Food Supply,” The New York Times, January 8, 1917.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29

  Gábor Szilágyi, “An Album of War,” translated by Erika László in László Beke, Gábor Szilágyi, and Klára Tőry, The Hungarian Connection: The Roots of Photojournalism, edited by Colin Ford (National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television, 1987), 10.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30

  Andor may have won fifth place too, for a photograph credited to “Kertész Jenő (lieutenant), Russian front.”

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31

  UNESCO, Progress in Literacy in Various Countries (Firmin-Didot, 1953), 105. See also Michael Károlyi, Memoirs of Michael Karolyi: Faith Without Illusion, translated by Catherine Karolyi (Jonathan Cape, 1956), 373.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32

  GRI, AK quoted in Part I: Hungarian Memories, in Béla Ugrin, “Dialogues with Kertész,” edited by Manuela Caravageli Ugrin, transcript of taped conversations between AK and Béla Ugrin, 1978–1985, 31.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33

  GRI, AK correspondence, December 3, 9, 12, 14, and 23, 1916.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34

  MPP, AK diary, April 3, 1917.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35

  Ibid.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36

  GRI, Part I: Hungarian Memories in Ugrin, “Dialogues with Kertész,” 47.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37

  André Kertész of the Cities.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38

  Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Army of Francis Joseph (Purdue University Press, 1976), 211. See also “Hungary in Straits for Food Supply,” The New York Times, January 8, 1917.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39

  “Third Search for Food Ordered in Hungary,” The New York Times, February 2, 1917.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40

  AK quoted in AK, Hungarian Memories, 190. The photograph appears on page 56.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41

  This photograph appears in Hungarian Memories, 58.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42

  AK quoted in Agathe Gaillard, André Kertész (Pierre Belfond, 1980), 18.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 43

  This photograph appears at https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/109P40.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 44

  AK, Kertész on Kertész: A Self-Portrait (Abbeville Press, 1985), 24. Underwater Swimmer can be seen at https://collections.artsmia.org/art/37283/underwater-swimmer-andre-kertesz.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 45

  See Péter Bihari, “Aspects of Anti-Semitism in Hungary 1915–1918,” Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History 9 (October 2016), doi: 10.48248/issn.2037-741X/803.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 46

  Michael Edelson, “The Diary of André Kertész,” Camera 35 19, no. 7 (October 1975): 50; GRI, Part I: Hungarian Memories, in Ugrin, “Dialogues with Kertész,” 59; William Houseman, “André Kertész,” Infinity 8, no. 4 (April 1959): 6.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 47

  GRI, letter from JK to AK, July 19, 1918; MPP, letter from JK to AK, July 29, 1918.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 48

  MPP, letter from JK to AK, September 25, 1918. In 1937, Jolán and Ármin Gál and their son György left Budapest for New York. Three years later, they were living in the East Bronx. Ármin was unemployed. Jolán supported the family on the $600 monthly paycheck of a factory seamstress. Eventually, the Gáls moved to West Eighteenth Street in Manhattan, not far from the Kertézses’ apartment on Washington Square. In 1981, Jolán died in Miami Beach, an eighty-six-year-old widow. See Yolan Gál death notice, The Miami Herald, January 11, 1981. It’s not known if Andor and Jolán ever saw each other in the United States.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 49

  GRI, letter from Jóska (Józsi) Frankl to AK, n.d. (October 1918). My thanks to Eszter Wainwright-Déri for her translation.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 50

  Ibid., and Part I: Hungarian Memories in Ugrin, “Dialogues with Kertész,” 50.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 51

  János Bodnár, “Talking to André Kertész,” in János Bodnár, ed., André Kertész: Magyarországon (Főfoto, 1984), 91.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 52

  Paul Ignotus, Hungary (Praeger, 1972), 143.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 53

  Otago Daily Times (Otago, New Zealand), October 10, 1918, National Library of New Zealand, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT19181010.2.29.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 54

  CHAPTER THREE

  Kati Marton, The Great Escape: Nine Jews Who Fled Hitler and Changed the World (Simon & Schuster, 2006), 216. Andor made the comment to Robert Gurbo. See also Erla Zwingle, “Inspirations: Eight Photographers Talk About What Has Shaped Their Own Art,” The Connoisseur 215 (January 1985): 87.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1

  Endre Ady, “I Am the Son of Gog and Magog,” in Zsuzsanna Ozsváth and Frederick Turner, eds., Light Within the Shade: Eight Hundred Years of Hungarian Poetry (Syracuse University Press, 2014), 241.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2

  Endre Ady in Lóránt Czigány, The Oxford History of Hungarian Literature: From the Earliest Times to the Present (Clarendon Press, 1984), 293.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3

  See “Recollections of a Summer Night” and “A Harvest Song.” Both appear in Poems of Endre Ady, translated by Anton N. Nyerges (Hungarian Cultural Foundation, 1969), 406 and 424.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4

  Zsigmond Móricz and Virág Móricz, Apám regénye, 102, quoted in John Lukacs, Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988), 165. The historian Zoltán Horváth, another age-mate of Andor’s, writes in his memoir that later generations could never understand “our excitement at the publication of a new poem by Ady.” See Zoltán Horváth, Magyar századforduló: A második reformnemzedék története, 1896–1914 (Gondolat, 1961), 7, 10, cited in Judit Frigyesi, Béla Bartók and Turn-of-the-Century Budapest (University of California Press, 1998), 3. Ady’s work also proved vital to the creative lives of the philosopher György Lukács and the composer Béla Bartók.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5

  Gene Thornton, “Kertész: The Great Democrat of Modern Photography,” The New York Times, July 22, 1984.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6

  AK quoted in Avis Berman, “The ‘Little Happenings’ of André Kertész,” ARTnews 83, no. 3 (March 1984): 68.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7

  Károly Kincses, “A Belated Interview with André Kertész,” The Hungarian Quarterly 47, no. 181 (Spring 2006): 104.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8

  Bryn Campbell, World Photography (Ziff-Davis Books, 1981), 273. The Circus, Budapest can be seen in Anna Fárová, André Kertész, edited by Robert Sagalyn (Grossman, 1966), inside front cover.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9

  For Budapest 1914 (with the goat), see AK, Hungarian Memories (New York Graphic Society/Little, Brown, 1982), 27. Camera in Landscape, 1918–1925 appears in Robert Gurbo, André Kertész: The Early Years (W. W. Norton, 2005), 27 (plate 1).

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10

  Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: History, Culture, Psychology (Wayne State University, 1996), 465.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11

  Ibid.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12

  “Hungarian Reds Ask Armistice,” The New York Times, April 24, 1919.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13

  “Amikor a béna ember vadászni megy és kilövi a hajtója szemét” (When the disabled man goes hunting and shoots his guide’s eye), Nyírvidék, November 18, 1923.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14

  Jenő as Icarus (full-frame image) can be seen at https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.111395.html. The cropped version appears at https://capacenter.hu/en/kiallitasok/andre-kertesz-his-photographs-donated-to-szigetbecse/.

  BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15

  See Ana Carden-Coyne, Reconstructing the Body: Classicism, Modernism, and the First World War (Oxford University Press, 2009); Gabriella Vincze, “History of Hungarian Movement Art and International Parallels of Some of Its Motifs,” PhD dissertation, Budapest, Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Humanities Art History Doctoral School of Science, 2015, http://doktori.btk.elte.hu/art/vinczegabriella/thesis.pdf; and Gabriella Vincze, “André Kertész (1894–1985) és a Magyar Mozdulatművészet,” Archívum 5 (2014): 28–35, http://www.artmagazin.hu/artmagazin_hirek/andre_kertesz_1894–1985_es_a_magyar_mozdulatmuveszet.2515.html. I used a translation of the latter by Gergely Tóth.