11.   William J. Adie, “Idiopathic Narcolepsy: A Disease Sui Generis, with Remarks on the Mechanism of Sleep,” Brain 49 (1926): 257–306.

  12.   Robert E. Yoss and David D. Daly, “Criteria for the Diagnosis of the Narcoleptic Syndrome,” Proceedings of the Staff Meetings of the Mayo Clinic 32 (1957): 320–28.

  13.   Vogel’s paper goes into detail about his patient’s dreams, fantasies, and paintings but does not appear to describe cataplexy. Gerald Vogel, “Studies in Psychophysiology of Dreams III: The Dream of Narcolepsy,” Archives of General Psychiatry 3 (1960): 421–28.

  14.   Allan Rechtschaffen et al., “Nocturnal Sleep of Narcoleptics,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 15 (1963): 599–609. Five out of nine people with narcolepsy studied in this paper displayed cataplexy.

  15.   William Dement, Allan Rechtschaffen, and George Gulevich, “The Nature of the Narcoleptic Sleep Attack,” Neurology 16 (1966): 18–33.

  16.   David Raynal, “Polygraphic Aspects of Narcolepsy,” Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Narcolepsy (1975): 671–84.

  17.   Mary A. Carskadon and William C. Dement, “Effects of Total Sleep Loss on Sleep Tendency,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 48 (1979): 495–506.

  18.   Merrill M. Mitler et al., “REM Sleep Episodes During the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in Narcoleptic Patients,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 46 (1979): 479–81.

  19.   Timothy A. Roehrs et al., “Daytime Sleepiness and Antihistamines,” Sleep 7 (1984): 137–41.

  20.   Robert E. Yoss, “The Pupillogram and Narcolepsy: A Method to Measure Decreased Levels of Wakefulness,” Neurology 19 (1969): 921–28.

  21.   Roger Broughton et al., “Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and the Pathophysiology of Narcolepsy-Cataplexy: A Laboratory Perspective,” Sleep 9 (1986): 205–15.

  22.   American Academy of Sleep Medicine, International Classification of Sleep Disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual, 2nd ed. (Westchester, IL: AASM, 2005).

  23.   Theodore L. Baker et al., “Comparative Polysomnographic Study of Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Central Nervous System Hypersomnia,” Sleep 9 (1986): 232–42.

  24.   Gert J. Lammers and J. G. van Dijk, “The Multiple Sleep Latency Test: A Paradoxical Test?,” Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 94 (1992): S108–10.

  25.   Kristyna M. Hartse, Thomas Roth, and Frank J. Zorick, “Daytime Sleepiness and Daytime Wakefulness: The Effect of Instruction,” Sleep 5 (1982): S107–18.

  26.   David B. Rye et al., “Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson’s Disease,” Journal of Sleep Research 9 (2000): 63–69.

  27.   Kathy P. Parker et al., “Daytime Sleepiness in Stable Hemodialysis Patients,” American Journal of Kidney Diseases 41 (2003): 394–402.

  28.   David B. Rye, Bhupesh Dihenia, and Donald L. Bliwise, “Reversal of Atypical Depression, Sleepiness and REM Sleep Propensity in Narcolepsy with Buproprion,” Depression and Anxiety 7 (1998): 92–95.

  29.   Adam Moscovitch, Markku Partinen, and Christian Guilleminault, “The Positive Diagnosis of Narcolepsy and Narcolepsy’s Borderland,” Neurology 43 (1993): 55–60; Michael S. Aldrich, “The Clinical Spectrum of Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia,” Neurology 46 (1996): 393–401.

  30.   Emmanuel Mignot et al., “Correlates of Sleep-Onset REM Periods During the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in Community Adults,” Brain 129 (2006): 1609–23.

  31.   Phone interview with Roth, 2019; Meeta Singh, Christopher L. Drake, and Thomas Roth, “The Prevalence of Multiple Sleep-Onset REM Periods in a Population-Based Sample,” Sleep 29 (2006): 890–95.

  32.   David J. Kupfer, “REM Latency: A Psychobiologic Marker for Primary Depressive Disease,” Biological Psychiatry 11 (1979): 159–74.

  33.   Jerome M. Siegel, “REM Sleep: A Biological and Psychological Paradox,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 15 (2011): 138–42.

  34.   Merrill Wise, “An Update on the MSLT and MWT Practice Parameters Released Last Year,” Sleep Review, May 7, 2006, https://sleepreviewmag.com/sleep-diagnostics/in-lab-tests/mslt-mwt-studies/a-new-approach/.

  35.   Michael R. Littner et al., “Practice Parameters for Clinical Use of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test,” Sleep 28 (2005): 113–21.

  36.   Margaret S. Blattner et al., “Quantification of Late REM Periods in Patients with Prolonged Sleep Duration,” Sleep 43S (2020): A288.

  37.   Lois E. Krahn et al., “Recommended Protocols for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of Wakefulness Test in Adults: Guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 17 (2021): 2489–98.

  38.   Alex Haagaard, “My Invisible Illness Story,” Medium, September 28, 2016, https://bullshit.ist/my-invisible-illness-story-57563706fa5f.

  39.   Terri E. Weaver and Ronald R. Grunstein, “Adherence to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy,” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 5 (2008): 173–78.

  40.   Chitra Lal et al., “Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Mechanisms and Clinical Management,” Annals of the American Thoracic Society 18 (2021): 757–68.

  41.   David A. Schulman et al., “A Sleep Medicine Curriculum for Pulmonary and Pulmonary/Critical Care Fellowship Programs,” Chest 155 (2019): 554–56.

  42.   Emerson Wickwire, “Are Ethics a Taboo Subject in Sleep Medicine?,” Sleep Review, September 4, 2014, https://sleepreviewmag.com/uncategorized/ethics-taboo-sleep-medicine/.

  43.   Stephen Talsness et al., “Thinking Outside the ‘Sleep Logs,’ ” Sleep 42S (2019): A413–14.

  44.   Paul E. Peppard et al., “Increased Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Adults,” American Journal of Epidemiology 177 (2013): 1006–14.

  45.   Raphael Heinzer, Helena Marti-Soler, and Jose Haba-Rubio, “Prevalence of Sleep Apnoea Syndrome in the Middle to Old Age General Population,” Lancet Respiratory Medicine 4 (2016): e5–e6.

  46.   Raphael Heinzer et al., “Prevalence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in the General Population: The HypnoLaus Study,” Lancet Respiratory Medicine 3 (2015): 310–18.

  47.   Melissa C. Lipford et al., “Correlation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Men and Women,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 15 (2019): 33–38.

  5. BEHIND THE CURTAIN

    1.   Charles L. Dana, On Morbid Drowsiness and Somnolence: A Contribution to the Pathology of Sleep (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1884).

    2.   Nathaniel Kleitman, Sleep and Wakefulness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).

    3.   Simon Shorvon, “Fashion and Cult in Neuroscience—the Case of Hysteria,” Brain 130 (2007): 3342–48.

    4.   John A. Goodfellow and Hugh J. Willison, “Guillain–Barré Syndrome: A Century of Progress,” Nature Reviews Neurology 12 (2016): 723–31.

    5.   Michel Billiard, Sleep Medicine: A Comprehensive Guide (New York: Springer, 2015), 121.

    6.   William Mahoney, The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2011).

    7.   Maximilien Vessier, La Pitie-Salpetriere (Paris: Assistance Hopitaux Publique de Paris, 1999).

    8.   From Roth’s promotion materials, part of Kamil Henner’s papers at the Archives of the Czech Academy of Sciences, trans. Jordan Tomes. See also John Connelly, Captive University: Sovietization of East German, Czech, and Polish Higher Education, 1945–1956 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

    9.   Interview with Charles University’s neurology department chair Evžen Růžička.

  10.   Bedřich Roth, “Sleep Drunkenness and Sleep Paralysis,” Ceskoslovenská neurologie 19 (1956): 48; translation by Jordan Tomes.

  11.   Soňa Nevšímalová-Bruhova, “On the Problem of Heredity in Hypersomnia, Narcolepsy and Dissociated Sleep Disturbances,” Acta Universitatis Carolinae Medica 18:109–80 (1973).

  12.   Soňa Nevšímalová-Bruhova and Bedřich Roth, “Heredofamilial Aspects of Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia,” Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 110 (1972): 45–54.

  13.   Bedřich Roth and Soňa Nevšímalová, “Depression in Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia,” Schweizer Archiv für Neurologies, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 116 (1975): 291–300.

  14.   I relied on a German translation of the first edition of Roth’s book. Bedřich Roth, Narkolepsie und Hypersomnie (Berlin: VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, 1962), 162, 208.

  15.   The only paper from Dement cited in Roth’s 1950s book: William C. Dement, “The Occurrence of Low Voltage, Fast, Electroencephalogram Patterns During Behavioral Sleep in the Cat,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 10 (1958): 291–96.

  16.   Roth, Narkolepsie und Hypersomnie, 361.

  17.   Norman Goldstein and Mary E. Giffin, “Psychogenic Hypersomnia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 115 (1959): 922–28.

  18.   Cyril Höschl, Petr Winkler, and Ondrej Peec, “The State of Psychiatry in the Czech Republic,” International Review of Psychiatry 24 (2012): 278–85.

  19.   Henri Gastaut and M. Fischer-Williams, “Electroencephalographic Study of Syncope,” Lancet 273 (1957): 1018–25.

  20.   Henri Gastaut and Bedřich Roth, “Electroencephalographic Manifestations in 150 Cases of Narcolepsy with & Without Cataplexy,” Revue Neurologique 97:388–93 (1957).

  21.   Bedřich Roth, “The Clinical and Theoretical Importance of EEG Rhythms Corresponding to States of Lowered Vigilance,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 13 (1961): 395–99.

  22.   Bedřich Roth and Eliska Klimkova-Deutschova, “Effect of the Chronic Action of Industrial Poisons on the Electroencephalogram of Man,” Ceskoslovenská neurologie 27 (1964): 40–47.

  23.   Nada Rothova and Bedřich Roth, “A Case of Focal Reflex Epilepsy Caused by Tactile Stimulation in a Child,” Ceskoslovenská neurologie 26 (1963): 33–35.

  24.   Soňa Nevšímalová, “Idiopathic Hypersomnia,” in Sleep Medicine, ed. Sudhansu Chokroverty (New York: Springer, 2015), 223–28.

  25.   Bedřich Roth, Soňa Nevšímalová, and Allan Rechtschaffen, “Hypersomnia with ‘Sleep Drunkenness,’ ” Archives of General Psychiatry 26 (1972): 456–62.

  26.   Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales, A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects (National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, 1968).

  27.   Max Hirshkowitz, “Lessons from the Forefathers of Sleep,” Sleep Review, November 2007, http://www.sleepreviewmag.com/2007/11/lessons-from-the-forefathers-of-sleep/.

  28.   Vladimir V. Kusin, From Dubček to Charter 77: A Study of “Normalization” in Czechoslovakia, 1968–1978 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1978).

  29.   Interviews with Karel Šonka and Evžen Růžička.

  30.   Bedřich Roth, Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia (Basel: Karger, 1980).

  31.   Roth, Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia, 222.

  32.   Sleep Disorders Classification Committee, “Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders,” Sleep 2 (1979): 5–137.

  33.   Christian Guilleminault, R. Phillips, and William C. Dement, “A Syndrome of Hypersomnia with Automatic Behavior,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 38: 403–13 (1975).

  34.   Theodore L. Baker et al., “Comparative Polysomnographic Study of Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Central Nervous System Hypersomnia,” Sleep 9 (1986): 232–42.

  35.   Bedřich Roth et al., “A Study of the Occurrence of JLA DR2 in 124 Narcoleptics: Clinical Aspects,” Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 139 (1985): 41–51.

  36.   Bedřich Roth et al., “An Alternative to the MSLT for Determining Sleepiness in Narcolepsy and Hypersomnia: Polygraphic Score of Sleepiness,” Sleep 9 (1986): 243–45.

  37.   Roger Broughton and Michelle Chadwick, “Bedřich Roth: Pioneer in Sleep Medicine,” Sleep Medicine 76 (2020): 160–69.

  6. THE ESSENCE OF SLEEPINESS

    1.   Paul J. Marangos et al., “Demonstration of an Endogenous, Competitive Inhibitor(s) of 3H Diazepam Binding in Bovine Brain,” Life Sciences 5 (1978): 1893–1900; Erminio Costa et al., “On a Brain Polypeptide Functioning as a Putative Effector for the Recognition Sites of Benzodiazepine and Beta-carboline Derivatives,” Neuropharmacology 22 (1983): 1481–92.

    2.   David B. Rye, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke application, 3R01NS055015-03S1.

    3.   Beryl L. Benderly, “Shovel-Ready Science,” Science, March 6, 2009.

    4.   Alexis Fedorchak, Public Library of Science Blogs, December 2013, https://blogs.plos.org/thestudentblog/2013/12/13/an-ode-to-patch-clamping/.

    5.   Areles Molleman, Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide to Patch Clamp Electrophysiology (Wiley, 2002).

    6.   Chris Bladen, “#LabHacks: 14 Sharp Tips for Patch Clamping,” NeuroWire, https://www.scientifica.uk.com/neurowire/14-sharp-tips-for-patch-clampers.

    7.   Andrew Jenkins, “IH & GABA,” Hypersomnia Foundation 2018 conference, YouTube video posted February 1, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4iEVmRXHOc4.

    8.   Eric L. Bittman et al., “Animal Care Practices in Experiments on Biological Rhythms and Sleep,” Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 52 (2013): 437–43.

    9.   Kisou Kubota, “Kuniomi Ishimori and the First Discovery of Sleep-Inducing Substances in the Brain,” Neuroscience Research 6 (1989): 497–518.

  10.   Kenton Kroker, The Sleep of Others (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007).

  11.   John R. Pappenheimer, Thomas B. Miller, and Clark A. Goodrich, “Sleep-Promoting Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Sleep-Deprived Goats,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 58 (1967): 513–17.

  12.   Vladimir Fencl, G. Koski, and John R. Pappenheimer, “Factors in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Goats That Affect Sleep and Activity in Rats,” Journal of Physiology 216 (1971): 565–89.

  13.   John R. Pappenheimer, “The Sleep Factor,” Scientific American 235 (1976): 24–29.

  14.   Bryan Marquard, “John R. Pappenheimer, 92; Taught Physiology at Harvard,” Boston Globe, December 27, 2007.

  15.   James M. Krueger, J. Bacsik, and J. Garcia-Arraras, “Sleep-Promoting Material from Human Urine and Its Relation to Factor S from Brain,” American Journal of Physiology 238 (1980): E116–23.

  16.   October 2019 interview.

  17.   B. M. Bergmann et al., “Are Physiological Effects of Sleep Deprivation in the Rat Mediated by Bacterial Invasion?,” Sleep 19:554–62 (1996).

  18.   James M. Krueger et al., “Sleep: A Physiological Role for IL-1 Beta and TNF-Alpha,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 29 (1998): 148–59.

  19.   Michel Jouvet, “Sleep and Serotonin: An Unfinished Story,” Neuropsychopharmacology 21 (1999): S24–27.

  20.   Grigorios Oikonomou et al., “The Serotonergic Raphe Promote Sleep in Zebrafish and Mice,” Neuron 103 (2019): 686–701.

  21.   “Scientists Are Extracting the Sleep Potion,” New York Times, April 14, 1974.

  22.   Abba J. Kastin et al., “DSIP—More Than a Sleep Peptide?,” Trends in Neuroscience 3 (1980): 163–65.

  23.   Dietrich Schneider-Helmert, M. Graf, and G. A. Schoenenberger, “Synthetic Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide Improves Sleep in Insomniacs,” Lancet 317 (1981): 1256; U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, “Nonapeptide for Treating Addictive Drug Withdrawal Conditions,” 4444758, April 24, 1984, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4444758A/en.

  24.   Gerhilde Reheis-Melcher, “Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide,” Arznei Telegramm 5, no. 47 (1990).

  25.   V. I. Odin et al., “Diabetes Mellitus in Elderly: Geroprotective and Antidiabetic Properties of Delta-Sleep Induced Peptide,” Advances in Gerontology 15 (2004): 101–14.

  26.   Vladimir M. Kovalzon and Tatyana V. Strekalova, “Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP): A Still Unresolved Riddle,” Journal of Neurochemistry 97 (2006): 303–9.

  27.   Wilhelm Feldberg and S. L. Sherwood, “Injections of Drugs Into the Lateral Ventricle of the Cat,” Journal of Physiology 123:148–67 (1954).