74.  “Transcript of Mandela’s Speech at Cape Town City Hall,” New York Times, February 12, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/12/world/south-africa-s-new-era-transcript-mandela-s-speech-cape-town-city-hall-africa-it.html.

    75.  Eric Marsden, “Inside Johannesburg,” Sunday Times (London), December 7, 1986, The Sunday Times Historical Archive, Gale; and Robinson, “Supply-siders of Ciskei.”

    76.  “‘Homeland’ Leader Deposed in Ciskei,” New York Times, March 5, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/05/world/homeland-leader-deposed-in-ciskei.html.

    77.  This was a vision also shared by some chiefs and Bantustan leaders who had profited from the more federal system. On the negotiations to dissolve the homeland system see Hilary Lynd, “The Peace Deal: The Formation of the Ingonyama Trust and the IFP Decision to Join South Africa’s 1994 Elections,” South African Historical Journal 73, no. 2 (2021): 318–60.

    78.  Quoted in Saul Dubow, Apartheid, 1948–1994 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 268.

    79.  See, e.g., Frederick Cooper, Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 1. Some political scientists cavil that South Africa was already formally independent so decolonization is an inapt description. Timothy William Waters, Boxing Pandora: Rethinking Borders, States, and Secession in a Democratic World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020), 59.

    80.  Orenstein, Out of Stock: The Warehouse in the History of Capitalism, 216.

    81.  UNCTAD, World Investment Report: Special Economic Zones, xii.

    82.  For this process of disenchantment see Patrick Bond, Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa (London: Pluto Press, 2000).

    83.  James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

    84.  Ferguson makes this point by comparing Lesotho to Transkei in Ferguson, Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order, 55–65. See also Laura Evans, “South Africa’s Bantustans and the Dynamics of ‘Decolonisation’: Reflections on Writing Histories of the Homelands,” South African Historical Journal 64, no. 1 (March 2012): 122–23.

    85.  Masande Ntshanga, Triangulum (Columbus, OH: Two Dollar Radio, 2019), 210.

    86.  Ntshanga, Triangulum, 211.

    87.  Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash (New York: Del Rey, 1992), 40. Apartheid burbclaves are one of what he calls Franchise-Organized Quasi-National Entities (FOQNEs).

    88.  Neal Stephenson, The Diamond Age: or, A Young Lady’s Illustrated Primer (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1995), 31.

    89.  Stephenson, The Diamond Age, 30.

    90.  Tom Bethell, “Let 500 Countries Bloom,” Washington Times, May 8, 1990, Newsbank.

  CHAPTER 5: THE WONDERFUL DEATH OF A STATE

      1.  The legal principle is uti possidetis—from the Latin uti possidetis ita possideatis (“may you have what you have had”). This opening section draws on Waters, Boxing Pandora: Rethinking Borders, States, and Secession in a Democratic World. The opposition to secession is based in the Saving Clause in the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States adopted by the UN General Assembly on October 24, 1970. See also Umut Özsu, Completing Humanity: The International Law of Decolonization, 1960–82 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

      2.  The Baltic states Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia were not technically new nations as they remained de jure independent even as they were de facto incorporated into the Soviet Union as socialist republics after 1940.

      3.  For an extraordinary episode of libertarian state making at the moment of Vanuatu’s independence see Raymond B. Craib, Adventure Capitalism: A History of Libertarian Exit from Decolonization to the Digital Age (Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2022), chap. 4.

      4.  Justin Raimondo, An Enemy of the State: The Life of Murray N. Rothbard (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), 46–54.

      5.  Murray N. Rothbard, “Free Market Police, Courts, and Law,” Reason (March 1973), https://reason.com/1973/03/01/free-market-police-courts-and/.

      6.  Murray N. Rothbard, Never a Dull Moment: A Libertarian Look at the Sixties (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2016), 48.

      7.  Daniel Bessner, “Murray Rothbard, Political Strategy, and the Making of Modern Libertarianism,” Intellectual History Review 24, no. 4 (2014): 445.

      8.  Murray Newton Rothbard, For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973) (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2006), 350.

      9.  Rothbard, Never a Dull Moment, 48; and Rothbard, For a New Liberty, 102.

    10.  Murray N. Rothbard, “For Bengal,” Libertarian Forum 3, no. 5 (May 1971); Murray N. Rothbard, “For Croatia,” Libertarian Forum 4, no. 2 (February 1972). Complete run of issues available at https://mises.org/library/complete-libertarian-forum-1969-1984.

    11.  Rothbard, Never a Dull Moment, 102.

    12.  Murray N. Rothbard, Leonard Liggio, and H. George Resch, “Editorial: The Black Revolution,” Left and Right 3, no. 3 (Autumn 1967): 13; and Murray N. Rothbard, Leonard Liggio, and H. George Resch, “Editorial: The Cry for Power: Black, White, and ‘Polish,’” Left and Right 2, no. 3 (Autumn 1966): 12–13. On this larger history see Edward Onaci, Free the Land: The Republic of New Afrika and the Pursuit of a Black Nation-State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020).

    13.  Murray N. Rothbard, “Editor’s Comment: The Panthers and Black Liberation,” Libertarian 1, no. 4 (May 15, 1969), https://www.rothbard.it/articles/libertarian-forum/lf-1-4.pdf.

    14.  Murray N. Rothbard, Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays, 2nd ed. (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000), 16.

    15.  Rothbard, Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature, 7.

    16.  Janek Wasserman, Marginal Revolutionaries: How Austrian Economics Fought the War of Ideas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), 257. On the friction between the Cato and Mises Institutes see Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement, 607–13.

    17.  Nathaniel Weyl, Traitors’ End: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Movement in Southern Africa (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1970); Harry Browne, How to Profit from the Coming Devaluation (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1970); and David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1978).

    18.  Rockwell to Weyl, February 11, 1970, Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives, Nathaniel Weyl Papers Box 34, Folder 8 (hereafter Weyl 34.8).

    19.  Paul had three stretches in the House of Representatives: from 1976 to 1977, 1979–1985, and 1997–2013.

    20.  Julian Sanchez and David Weigel, “Who Wrote Ron Paul’s Newsletters?,” Reason, January 16, 2008, https://reason.com/2008/01/16/who-wrote-ron-pauls-newsletter/.

    21.  “We Will Survive, and Prosper!,” Ron Paul Investment Letter 8, no. 12 (December 15, 1992): 2; and “How to Store Your Gold at Home,” Ron Paul Investment Letter 4, no. 2 (March 15, 1988): 8.

    22.  “Annie Get Your Gun … and Susie, Millie, and Marcia Too,” Ron Paul Investment Letter 8, no. 6 (June 15, 1992): 2.

    23.  “Gold and South Africa,” Ron Paul Survival Report 9, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 2.

    24.  “There Goes South Africa,” Ron Paul Survival Report 10, no. 6 (June 15, 1994): 5.

    25.  “Ethnic Hatreds May Raise the Gold Price,” Ron Paul Investment Letter 6, no. 6 (June 15, 1990): 3; and “People Prefer Their Own,” Ron Paul Survival Report 9, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 3.

    26.  “The Disappearing White Majority,” Ron Paul Survival Report 9, no. 1 (January 15, 1993): 7.

    27.  “Ron Paul’s Bookstore,” Ron Paul Survival Report 10, no. 2 (February 15, 1994): 8.

    28.  Murray N. Rothbard and Llewellyn H. Rockwell, “Why the Report?,” Rothbard-Rockwell Report 1, no. 1 (April 1990): 1.

    29.  See Melinda Cooper, “The Alt-Right: Neoliberalism, Libertarianism and the Fascist Temptation,” Theory, Culture & Society 38, no. 6 (2021): 29–50; and Quinn Slobodian, “Anti-68ers and the Racist-Libertarian Alliance: How a Schism Among Austrian School Neoliberals Helped Spawn the Alt Right,” Cultural Politics 15, no. 3 (2019): 372–86.

    30.  Llewellyn H. Rockwell, “A New Right,” Rothbard-Rockwell Report 1, no. 1 (April 1990): 11; and Llewellyn H. Rockwell, “The Case for Paleo-Libertarianism,” Liberty 3, no. 3 (January 1990): 35.

    31.  Rockwell, “The Case for Paleo-Libertarianism,” 37.

    32.  Murray N. Rothbard, “The Freedom Revolution,” Free Market 7, no. 8 (August 1989): 1.

    33.  Murray N. Rothbard, “A Strategy for the Right,” Rothbard-Rockwell Report (March 1992): 6.

    34.  Rothbard, “A Strategy for the Right,” 16. See also John Ganz, “The Year the Clock Broke,” Baffler (November 2018), https://thebaffler.com/salvos/the-year-the-clock-broke-ganz.

    35.  Lew Rockwell, “Rockwell’s Thirty-Day Plan,” Free Market 9, no. 3 (March 1991): 1–5.

    36.  Rothbard, Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature, 11, 103.

    37.  Murray N. Rothbard, “The New Libertarian Creed,” New York Times, February 9, 1971.

    38.  Murray N. Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2011), 177.

    39.  Thomas Fleming, Opening Remarks, JRC Meeting, December 1, 1990, The Howard Center for Family Religion and Society, Rockford Illinois Records in the Regional History Center, Northern Illinois University, RC 238, Allan Carlson Papers, Box 173, Folder 12 (hereafter Carlson 173.12).

    40.  For membership lists and lists of attendees at meeting see Carlson 173.12. Also available from the author on request; on the paleoconservatives see George Hawley, Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2016); and Nicole Hemmer, Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (New York: Basic Books, 2022).

    41.  n.a., “Who Speaks for Us?,” American Renaissance 1, no. 1 (November 1990), https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/november-1990/#cover.

    42.  Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 396.

    43.  Samuel Francis, “Why Race Matters,” American Renaissance (September 1994), https://www.amren.com/archives/back-issues/september-1994/#cover.

    44.  John Ganz, “The Forgotten Man,” Baffler (December 15, 2017), https://thebaffler.com/latest/the-forgotten-man-ganz; Daniel Denvir, All-American Nativism (New York: Verso, 2020), 64; and Joseph E. Lowndes, “From Pat Buchanan to Donald Trump: The Nativist Turn in Right-Wing Populism,” in A Field Guide to White Supremacy, ed. Kathleen Belew and Ramón A. Gutiérrez (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021).

    45.  Euan Hague, Heidi Beirich, and Edward H. Sebesta, Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 104–18.

    46.  Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta, Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction, 1; Michael Hill and Thomas Fleming, “New Dixie Manifesto,” Washington Post, October 29, 1995, ProQuest; and Carlson to Antony Sullivan, “Report on ‘The New Politics’ Conference,” funded by a grant from the Earhart Foundation, n.d.

    47.  Dixienet: The Southern League Website, https://web.archive.org/web/19961102130200/http://www.dixienet.org/slhomepg/foreign.html.

    48.  Murray N. Rothbard, “The Nationalities Question (August 1990),” in The Irrepressible Rothbard, ed. Llewellyn H. Rockwell (Burlingame, CA: The Center for Libertarian Studies, 2000), 231.

    49.  Rothbard, Never a Dull Moment, 48.

    50.  Murray N. Rothbard, “The ‘New Fusionism’: A Movement for Our Time,” Rothbard-Rockwell Report 2, no. 1 (January 1991): 8.

    51.  As noted in the article, it was first presented as a talk at the regional meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society in Rio de Janeiro in September 1993. Murray N. Rothbard, “Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 11, no. 1 (Fall 1994): 1.

    52.  “Beyond a small quantity, national heterogeneity simply does not work,” he wrote, “the ‘nation’ disintegrates into more than one nation, and the need for separation becomes acute.” For South Africa, he advocated not less apartheid but more: a “partitioning” into separate ethnic groups. Murray N. Rothbard, “The Vital Importance of Separation,” Rothbard-Rockwell Report 5, no. 4 (April 1994): 5, 7.

    53.  Rothbard, “Importance of Separation,” 10.

    54.  Rothbard, 10.

    55.  Ron Paul, “The Moral Promise of Political Independence,” Secession, State and Economy Conference, April 7–9, 1995, https://mises.org/library/moral-promise-political-independence.

    56.  For biographical details see the materials in Hoover Institution Archives, Center for Libertarian Studies Papers, Box 4, folder 4.

    57.  Richard Rahn, “Why Estonia Is a Country for the Future,” Cato Institute, September 22, 2015, https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-estonia-country-future.

    58.  Mila Jonjić and Nenad Pantelić, “The Mediterranean Tiger: How Montenegro Became a Neoliberal Role Model,” in Market Civilizations: Neoliberals East and South, ed. Slobodian and Plehwe. See also Torben Niehr, “Viva Montenegro! Lasst tausend Monacos blühen!,” Eigentümlich Frei 9, no. 63 (June 2006): 13.

    59.  Appel and Orenstein, From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries, 91.

    60.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “The Economic and Political Rationale for European Secessionism,” in Secession, State & Liberty, ed. David Gordon (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1998), 222.

    61.  Hoppe, “The Economic and Political Rationale for European Secessionism,” 218.

    62.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “The Political Economy of Centralization and Secession,” Secession, State and Economy Conference, April 7–9, 1995, https://mises.org/library/political-economy-centralization-and-secession.

    63.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “The Property and Freedom Society—Reflections After Five Years,” Libertarian Standard (2010), accessed September 1, 2017, http://libertarianstandard.com/articles/hans-hermann-hoppe/the-property-and-freedom-society-reflections-after-5-years/.

    64.  Hawley, Right-wing Critics of American Conservatism, 200. Other former JRC members hosted in Bodrum include Joseph Salerno and Thomas DiLorenzo. Salerno expressed a very Rothbardian affinity between Malcolm X and Mises in Joseph T. Salerno, “Mises on Nationalism, the Right of Self-Determination, and the Problem of Immigration,” Mises Institute, March 28, 2017, https://mises.org/wire/mises-nationalism-right-self-determination-and-problem-immigration.

    65.  “PFS 2010 Annual Meeting—Speakers and Presentations,” https://propertyandfreedom.org/2018/02/pfs-2010-annual-meeting-speakers-and-presentations/.

    66.  “PFS 2014 Annual Meeting—Speakers and Schedule,” https://propertyandfreedom.org/2013/11/pfs-2014-annual-meeting-speakers-and-schedule/.

    67.  Robert Grözinger, “Freie Stadt in Südafrika,” Eigentümlich Frei (May 2013), 18.

    68.  Agenda, Wayback Machine capture, June 4, 2016, https://propertyandfreedom.org/; and Brandon Thorp and Penn Bullock, “Peter Thiel Cancels Appearance at Fascist Conference,” Towleroad, July 29, 2016.

    69.  Richard Spencer, “The ‘Alternative Right’ in America,” Property and Freedom Society, June 3–7, 2010, https://vimeo.com/12598049.

    70.  Joseph Goldstein, “Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election with Nazi-Era Salute,” New York Times, November 20, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/us/alt-right-salutes-donald-trump.html.

    71.  Jeff Deist, “Self-Determination, Not Universalism, Is the Goal,” Mises Institute, May 29, 2017, https://mises.org/blog/self-determination-not-universalism-goal.

    72.  John Ganz, “Libertarians Have More in Common with the Alt-Right Than They Want You to Think,” Washington Post, September 19, 2017), Gale Academic OneFile; Quinn Slobodian, “A Brief History of Neoliberal Problems: How Race Theory Spawned the Alt Right,” Harvard University New Directions in European History Colloquium (September 21, 2017); and Slobodian, “Anti-68ers and the Racist-Libertarian Alliance,” 378–82.