29.  “Somalië toneel van Afrika’s gruwelijkste geweld,” NRC Handelsblad, December 14, 1991, https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1991/12/14/somalie-toneel-van-afrikas-gruwelijkste-geweld-6990603-a1042137.

    30.  Van Maalen, Dag, ik ga vrijheid halen, 36.

    31.  Van Notten, The Law of the Somalis, 121.

    32.  M. M. Notten, “Somalische Xeer is het meest geschikt voor Somalia,” de Vrijbrief, no. 166 (March 1992): 11, 16.

    33.  Van Notten, From Nation-State to Stateless Nation: The Somali Experience (2000), draft, Wayback Machine capture August 16, 2020, http://www.awdal.com/awdalp13.html.

    34.  Van Notten, Law of the Somalis, 56.

    35.  Van Notten, 70.

    36.  Van Notten, 116.

    37.  Michael van Notten, “From Nation-State to Stateless Nation: The Somali Experience,” Africa 58, no. 2 (June 2003): 150.

    38.  Van Notten, Law of the Somalis, 117–18.

    39.  Van Notten, 137.

    40.  Van Notten, Nation-State to Stateless Nation, (2000), capture August 16, 2000, http://www.awdal.com/awdalp13.html.

    41.  Van Notten, Law of the Somalis, 138.

    42.  Hoppe, “The Economic and Political Rationale for European Secessionism,” 212.

    43.  Van Notten, Law of the Somalis, 143.

    44.  Spencer Heath MacCallum, “A Peaceful Ferment in Somalia,” Foundation for Economic Education, June 1, 1998, https://fee.org/articles/a-peaceful-ferment-in-somalia/.

    45.  MacCallum, “A Peaceful Ferment in Somalia.”

    46.  Spencer Heath MacCallum, “Looking Back and Forward,” in I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians, ed. Walter Block (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010), 206.

    47.  Spencer Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar: Emerging Society (Baltimore: Science of Society Foundation, 1957), 79.

    48.  Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar, 91.

    49.  Heath, 82.

    50.  MacCallum, “Looking Back and Forward,” 208.

    51.  Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar, 94.

    52.  MacCallum, “Looking Back and Forward,” 208.

    53.  Introduction in van Notten, Law of the Somalis, xii.

    54.  Spencer Heath MacCallum, “Werner K. Stiefel’s Pursuit of a Practicum of Freedom,” LewRockwell.com, June 19, 2006, https://www.lewrockwell.com/2006/06/spencer-heath-maccallum/werner-k-stiefels-pursuit-of-a-practicumoffreedom/. For the best account see Isabelle Simpson, “Operation Atlantis: A Case-Study in Libertarian Island Micronationality,” Shima 10, no. 2 (2016): 18–35.

    55.  MacCallum, “Looking Back and Forward,” 211.

    56.  Roy Halliday, “Operation Atlantis and the Radical Libertarian Alliance: Observations of a Fly on the Wall,” (2002), https://ad-store.sgp1.digitaloceanspaces.com/LUA/Documents/royhalliday%20operation%20atlantis.pdf.

    57.  Spencer Heath MacCallum, “A Model Lease for Orbis,” October 15, 1995, http://freenation.org/a/f33m1.html.

    58.  MacCallum, “Werner K. Stiefel’s Pursuit of a Practicum of Freedom”; and MacCallum, “The Freeport-Clan.”

    59.  MacCallum, “The Freeport-Clan,” 170.

    60.  Heath, Citadel, Market and Altar: Emerging Society, 85.

    61.  Not to be confused with William Rees-Mogg’s coauthor of the same name.

    62.  “Freedonia—The Cabinet,” capture August 29, 2000, http://www.freedonia.org/cabinet.html.

    63.  “What Is the Principality of Freedonia?,” capture May 7, 1999, http://www.freedonia.org/whatis.html.

    64.  “Kyle to Ryan, 3 October 1999,” capture April 8, 2000, http://www.freedonia.org/dialogue.html.

    65.  “Principality of Freedonia Sovereignty Plans,” capture October 28, 2000, http://www.freedonia.org/sovereignty2.html.

    66.  “Recent events have complicated our situation in Awdal,” capture February 11, 2001, http://www.freedonia.org/sovereignty2.html.

    67.  “Somaliland Protest Leaves 25 in Jail,” BBC Monitoring Newsfile, January 12, 2001, ProQuest.

    68.  Ken Menkhaus, “Governance Without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping,” International Security 31, no. 3 (Winter 2006/2007): 74–106; and Nicole Stremlau, “Governance Without Government in the Somali Territories,” Journal of International Affairs 71, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 2018): 73–89.

    69.  Peter D. Little, Somalia: Economy Without State (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 13.

    70.  De Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power, 115.

    71.  Ersun N. Kurtulus, “Exploring the Paradoxical Consequences of State Collapse: The Cases of Somalia 1991–2006 and Lebanon 1975–82,” Third World Quarterly 33, no. 7 (2012): 1287.

    72.  Benjamin Powell, Ryan Ford, and Alex Nowrasteh, “Somalia After State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, no. 67 (2008): 662.

    73.  Alex Tabarrok, “Somalia and the Theory of Anarchy,” Marginal Revolution, April 21, 2004, https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2004/04/somalia_and_the.html.

    74.  Christopher J. Coyne, “Reconstructing Weak and Failed States: Foreign Intervention and the Nirvana Fallacy,” Foreign Policy Analysis, no. 2 (2006): 345.

    75.  William J. Luther, “Money Without a State” (PhD diss., George Mason University, 2012). See also William J. Luther, “The Monetary Mechanism of Stateless Somalia,” Public Choice, no. 165 (2015): 45–58. In addition to a university position, Luther directs the American Institute of Economic Research’s Sound Money Project and is an adjunct research scholar with the Cato Institute’s Center for Monetary and Financial Alternatives, accessed March 31, 2022, https://www.cato.org/people/william-j-luther.

    76.  On the initial research that inspired many libertarians see Little, Somalia: Economy Without State, 139–46.

    77.  Björn Tscheridse, “Der gescheiterte Staat,” Eigentümlich Frei, no. 60 (March 2006): 23. Libertarians of a less radical persuasion disagreed. “It is difficult to picture people in the United States saying, ‘Let’s make our nation more like Somalia,’” wrote one. Randall Holcombe, “Is Government Inevitable? Reply to Leeson and Stringham,” Independent Review 9, no. 4 (Spring 2005): 551.

    78.  Peter T. Leeson, “Better Off Stateless: Somalia Before and After Government Collapse,” Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (2007): 689–710.

    79.  Peter T. Leeson and Claudia R. Williamson, “Anarchy and Development: An Application of the Theory of Second Best,” Law and Development Review 2, no. 1 (2009): 91.

    80.  Peter T. Leeson, “Coordination Without Command: Stretching the Scope of Spontaneous Order,” Public Choice, no. 135 (2008): 73–74.

    81.  D. K. Leonard and M. S. Samantar, “What Does the Somali Experience Teach Us About the Social Contract and the State?,” Development and Change 42, no. 2 (2011): 564.

    82.  Alex de Waal, “Somalia’s Disassembled State: Clan Unit Formation and the Political Marketplace,” Conflict, Security & Development 20, no. 5 (2020): 562.

    83.  Ken Menkhaus and John Prendergast, “The Stateless State,” Africa Report (May 1995): 232. See also Rebecca Richards, “Fragility Within Stability: The State, the Clan and Political Resilience in Somaliland,” Third World Quarterly 41, no. 6 (2020): 1067–83.

    84.  De Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power, 113.

    85.  Schlee, “Customary Law and the Joys of Statelessness: Idealised Traditions Versus Somali Realities,” 270.

    86.  Little, Somalia: Economy Without State, 132.

    87.  Henry Srebrnik, “Can Clans Form Nations?: Somaliland in the Making,” in De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty, ed. Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, and Henry Srebrnik (London: Routledge, 2004), 214.

    88.  Srebrnik, “Can Clans Form Nations?” 219.

    89.  Prunier, The Country That Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland.

    90.  Harvey Morris, “‘Republic’ Wants Recognition on the World Stage,” Financial Times, August 15, 2000, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale.

    91.  Srebrnik, “Can Clans Form Nations?,” 222.

    92.  Mark Bradbury, Adan Yusuf Abokor, and Haroon Ahmed Yusuf, “Somaliland: Choosing Politics over Violence,” Review of African Political Economy 30, no. 97 (September 2003): 455; and Van Notten, Law of the Somalis, 142.

    93.  De Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, 130.

    94.  Jeffrey Gettleman, “Somaliland Is an Overlooked African Success Story,” New York Times, March 7, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/world/africa/06iht-somalia.4818753.html. After the establishment of the nationwide Federal Government of Somalia in 2012, Somaliland remained a “semi-autonomous region” actively seeking full independence. Robbie Gramer and Mary Yang, “Somaliland Courts U.S. for Independence Recognition,” Foreign Policy, March 21, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/21/somaliland-united-states-independence-recognition/.

    95.  Finn Stepputat and Tobias Hagmann, “Politics of Circulation: The Makings of the Berbera Corridor in Somali East Africa,” Environment & Planning D: Society and Space 37, no. 5 (2019): 798–99.

    96.  Markus Virgil Hoehne, “The Rupture of Territoriality and the Diminishing Relevance of Cross-cutting Ties in Somalia After 1990,” Development and Change 47, no. 6 (2016): 1390.

    97.  Jamil A. Mubarak, “The ‘Hidden Hand’ Behind the Resilience of the Stateless Economy of Somalia,” World Development 25, no. 12 (1997): 2032.

    98.  Andres Schipani, “Somaliland Gears Up for ‘Healthy’ Battle of Ports,” Financial Times, September 3, 2021, Global Newsstream.

    99.  Robert Clyde Mogielnicki, A Political Economy of Free Zones in Gulf Arab States (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2021), 218.

  100.  Tatiana Nenova and Tim Harford, “Anarchy and Invention,” World Bank Public Policy Note, no. 280 (November 2004): 2, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/774771468781541848/Anarchy-and-invention.

  CHAPTER 9: THE LEGAL BUBBLE-DOMES OF DUBAI

      1.  Anthony Shadid, “The Towering Dream of Dubai,” Washington Post, April 30, 2006, Global Newsstream.

      2.  Rory Miller, Desert Kingdoms to Global Powers: The Rise of the Arab Gulf (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), 173.

      3.  Miller, Desert Kingdoms to Global Powers: The Rise of the Arab Gulf, 172.

      4.  Ellen Knickmeyer, “In U.A.E., Weakened Dollar Slows Dubai Tower’s Race to the Skies,” Washington Post, December 7, 2007, Global Newsstream.

      5.  Daniel Brook, A History of Future Cities (New York: Norton, 2013), 357.

      6.  Nick Cook, “Gazeley’s Guy in Dubai,” Property Week (February 2010), https://www.propertyweek.com/industrial/gazeleys-guy-in-dubai/3158663.article.

      7.  Arch Puddington et al., eds., Freedom in the World (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 845–49.

      8.  Directorate of Intelligence, Near East and South Asia Review, March 29, 1985, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T01184R000301390002–9.pdf.

      9.  Brook, A History of Future Cities, 372.

    10.  Philip Kennicott, “Arabian Heights,” Washington Post, October 28, 2007, Global Newsstream.

    11.  Mike Davis, “Fear and Money in Dubai,” New Left Review, no. 41 (September/October 2006): 60.

    12.  Davis, “Fear and Money in Dubai,” 60.

    13.  Steve Negus, “An American Style Emirate? Dubai Sees a Future as Ally,” Financial Times, March 8, 2006, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale.

    14.  Björn Tscheridse, “Der kapitalistische Flaschengeist,” Eigentümlich Frei 8, no. 54 (August 2005): 24.

    15.  Frank Karsten and Karel Beckman, Beyond Democracy (n.p.: CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2012), 54.

    16.  Although Yarvin claims not to be a libertarian, many of his writings conform closely to the right-wing anarcho-capitalist tradition described in this book. Curtis Yarvin, “Why I Am Not a Libertarian,” Unqualified Reservations, December 13, 2007, https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/12/why-i-am-not-libertarian/.

    17.  Emphasis in the original. “Mediocracy: Definition, Etiology and Treatment,” September 8, 2007, https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/09/mediocracy-definition-etiology-and/.

    18.  In fact, many migrant workers did not receive what was promised in their contract.

    19.  Brook, A History of Future Cities, 370.

    20.  Curtis Yarvin, “Neocameralism and the Escalator of Massarchy,” Unqualified Reservations, December 20, 2007, https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2007/12/neocameralism-and-escalator-of/.

    21.  Curtis Yarvin, “Patchwork: A Political System for the 21st Century,” Unqualified Reservations, November 13, 2008, https://www.unqualified-reservations.org/2008/11/patchwork-positive-vision-part-1/.

    22.  Laleh Khalili, Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula (New York: Verso, 2020), 110.

    23.  Abdul Khaleq Abdulla quoted in Ahmed Kanna, Dubai: The City as Corporation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011), 34.

    24.  John Andrews, “Oasis of Royal Diplomacy in a Troubled Region,” Guardian, March 3, 1979, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    25.  The company was Halcrow. Rafiq Zakaria, “British Queen’s Visit to Gulf,” Times of India, February 24, 1979, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    26.  “Rivals in Splendour of Gifts,” Guardian, February 26, 1979, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    27.  Todd Reisz, Showpiece City: How Architecture Made Dubai (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021), 22.

    28.  William Tuohy, “Dubai: Where Gold Smuggling Is a Way of Life,” Los Angeles Times, January 13, 1971, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    29.  William Tuohy, “Dubai’s Golden Fleece,” Guardian, January 13, 1971, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    30.  “India Hacks at Smugglers’ Tentacles,” Los Angeles Times, November 18, 1976, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    31.  Walter Schwarz and Inder Malhotra, “Dethronement of the Kings of Smuggling,” Guardian, September 19, 1974, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    32.  The Economist Intelligence Unit, “The Arabian Peninsula and Jordan,” Quarterly Economic Review, no. 3 (1970): 12.

    33.  Shohei Sato, Britain and the Formation of the Gulf States: Embers of Empire (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2016), 74.

    34.  Miller, Desert Kingdoms to Global Powers: The Rise of the Arab Gulf, 6.

    35.  The Economist Intelligence Unit, “The Arabian Peninsula and Jordan,” Quarterly Economic Review, no. 4 (1969): 17; and Paul Maubec, “Arab Sheiks Go It Alone,” Washington Post, July 26, 1970, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    36.  Stephen J. Ramos, Dubai Amplified: The Engineering of a Port Geography (London: Routledge, 2010), 74.

    37.  Reisz, Showpiece City: How Architecture Made Dubai, 308–9.

    38.  Valerie J. Pelton, “Jebel Ali: Open for Business,” Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 27 (2018): 386–87; and “Mina Jebel Ali Free Trade Zone (advertisement),” Times (London), February 23, 1981, The Times Digital Archive, Gale.

    39.  Stewart Dalby, “Yet to Make Its Mark-Jebel Ali Free Zone,” Financial Times, March 29, 1989, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale. The fact that foreigners had full ownership inside of the zone gave it the edge over the other emirates, which, for years, offered no such opportunities. Mark Nicholson, “Bahrain Makes Policy Switch to Rebuild Economy,” Financial Times, July 3, 1991, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale.

    40.  Syed Ali, Dubai: Gilded Cage (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010), 86.