14.  Vanessa Ogle, “‘Funk Money’: The End of Empires, the Expansion of Tax Havens, and Decolonization as an Economic and Financial Event,” Past & Present 249, no. 1 (2020): 218.

    15.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 75.

    16.  Bachthold et al., Eine Adresse in Liechtenstein, 15.

    17.  Ferdinand Tuohy, “Booming Capital for Capital in Flight,” New York Times, January 15, 1933, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    18.  Glos, “The Analysis of a Tax Haven: The Liechtenstein Anstalt,” 954.

    19.  Ronen Palan, Richard Murphy, and Christian Chavagneux, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2010), 117.

    20.  Vladimir Pozner, “Liechtenstein, the World’s Biggest Safe,” Harper’s, October 31, 1938): 604.

    21.  “A Well-Fixed State,” New York Times, March 21, 1938, ProQuest Historical Newspapers; and “Citizenship by Investment,” https://nomadcapitalist.com/citizenship-by-investment/. See also Atossa Abrahamian, The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen (New York: Columbia Global Reports, 2015).

    22.  “A Well-Fixed State”; Tuohy, “Booming Capital for Capital in Flight.”

    23.  “Nazis in Cabinet in Liechtenstein,” New York Times, April 1, 1938, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    24.  “Nazi Crimes Taint Liechtenstein,” BBC News, April 14, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4443809.stm.

    25.  “Liechtenstein Mecca for Nervous Capital,” New York Times, July 10, 1932, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    26.  Mitchell Gordon, “Tax Haven: Little Liechtenstein Lures Army of U.S. and Foreign Subsidiaries,” Wall Street Journal, July 7, 1954, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    27.  Felix Kessler, “Little Liechtenstein Still Draws Tourists—and a Lot of Money,” Wall Street Journal, October 3, 1975, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    28.  Gordon, “Tax Haven.”

    29.  Matthew Engel, “Lying Low Is Risky for Liechtenstein,” Financial Times, February 7, 2009, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale.

    30.  Palan, Murphy, and Chavagneux, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works, 108.

    31.  Paul Hofmann, “For Little Liechtenstein (Population: 25,000) This Is the Golden Age,” New York Times, August 7, 1978, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    32.  Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 137.

    33.  “South African Firms Avoid Sanctions, Union Charges,” Wall Street Journal, June 23, 1989, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    34.  Gordon, “Tax Haven”; and Geoffrey Tweedale and Laurie Flynn, “Piercing the Corporate Veil: Cape Industries and Multinational Corporate Liability for a Toxic Hazard, 1950–2004,” Enterprise and Society 8, no. 2 (June 2007): 286. See also Jocelyn A. Bell, “The Influence on the South African Economy of the Gold Mining Industry 1925–2000,” South African Journal of Economic History 16, no. 1–2 (2001): 43.

    35.  Camillus Eboh, “Nigeria to Recover $228 Million of Abacha Loot After 16-Year Fight,” Reuters, June 19, 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-liechtenstein-idUSKBN0EU1ZQ20140619; and Edward Luce, “The Prince Knows Everyone,” Gazette (Montreal), December 4, 1994, Newspapers.com.

    36.  Andrew Osborn, “Country for Hire: Low Rates, All Amenities,” Guardian (UK Version), February 14, 2003, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    37.  Walter Wright, “Marcos Used Code to Juggle Fortune, Documents Show,” Toronto Star, August 23, 1986, Newspapers.com; William C. Rempel, “U.S. Officials Weighing Indictment of Marcos Inquiry in Final Stages,” Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1988 ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    38.  Bullough, Moneyland: Why Thieves and Crooks Now Rule the World and How to Take it Back, 10.

    39.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 151, 157.

    40.  Beattie, 191.

    41.  Geoffrey Atkins, “Europe’s Blue Bloods Flock to Wedding of Fairy-Tale Prince,” Sacramento Bee, July 30, 1967.

    42.  Margaret Studer, “Tiny Medieval Principality Melds Past with the Future,” Calgary Herald, July 3, 1984, Newspapers.com; and Hans-Adam II, The State in the Third Millennium (Schan: van Eck, 2009), 84.

    43.  Hans-Adam II, Third Millennium, 142.

    44.  Marcia Berss, “The Prince That Roared,” Forbes, April 29, 1985, Gale Academic OneFile.

    45.  John Russell, “Royal Treasures Glow at the Met,” New York Times, October 6, 1985, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    46.  Head of State of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Forty-Sixth Session, General Assembly, Provisional Verbatim Record of the 10th Meeting, September 26, 1991, UN Documents A/46/PV.10, October 1, 1991, 6.

    47.  Barry Bartmann, “From the Wings to the Footlights: The International Relations of Europe’s Smallest States,” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 50, no. 4 (November 2012): 536.

    48.  Hans-Adam II, Third Millennium, 7.

    49.  Hans-Adam II, 117.

    50.  Hans-Adam II, 81.

    51.  Rothbard, “Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State.”

    52.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 222.

    53.  Eric Gwinn, “Liechtenstein’s Prince Gains Power, Absolutely,” Chicago Tribune, March 28, 2003.

    54.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 289.

    55.  Fiona Fleck, “Prince to People: ‘I’ll Sell Up to Bill Gates,’” Sunday Telegraph, February 11, 2001, Westlaw. He claimed later that this was a joke. Sarah Lyall, “In Liechtenstein, a Princely Power Grab,” New York Times, March 15, 2003, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    56.  “Q&A / Prince Hans-Adam II: Liechtenstein’s Future as a ‘Clean Tax Haven,’” New York Times, August 31, 2000, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    57.  Audrey Gillan, “Liechtenstein Monarchy Tops List of Richest Royals,” Guardian, June 4, 1999, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    58.  Gwinn, “Liechtenstein’s Prince Gains Power, Absolutely.”

    59.  “Among other things, the prince’s proposals would allow him to dissolve the government unilaterally and to be impervious to the authority of Liechtenstein’s Constitutional Court.” Lyall, “In Liechtenstein, a Princely Power Grab.”

    60.  “Sorry, Savers, We’ve Gone Legit.”

    61.  “Democratic Feudalism,” Economist, March 22, 2003, Gale in Context: Global Issues.

    62.  John Blundell, “Enclaves Punch Above Their Weight with the EU,” Sunday Business (London, UK), September 24, 2006, ProQuest.

    63.  This included the European Constitutional Group, which included primarily German and Swiss economists. Slobodian and Plehwe, “Neoliberals Against Europe,” 97; and Detmar Doering, Friedlicher Austritt: Braucht die Europäische Union ein Sezessionsrecht? (Brussels: Centre for the New Europe, June 2002), 41.

    64.  Paul Johnson, “Foreword,” in The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society, ed. David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), viii.

    65.  Johnson, “Foreword,” viii.

    66.  Wolfram Engels from 1989 quoted in Roland Baader, Die Euro-Katastrophe (Böblingen: Antia Tykve Verlag, 2017), 31.

    67.  Gerard Radnitzky, “Towards a Europe of Free Societies: Evolutionary Competition or Constructivistic Design,” Ordo 42 (1991): 162.

    68.  Daniel Hannan, “Successful Countries Think Small,” Telegraph Online, April 11, 2007, Westlaw.

    69.  Alan Sked founded the UK Independence Party (UKIP). Alan Sked, “Myths of European Unity,” National Interest (Winter 1990/1): 73. This perspective was especially inspired by Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

    70.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 182. Other states in this position included Iceland and Norway, positive points of comparison for Brexit advocates. Daniel Hannan, “Blue-Eyed Sheikhs,” Spectator, October 9, 2004, Gale.

    71.  Göttingen Hayek-Tage, June 21–22, 2013, program.

    72.  Katja Riedel and Sebastian Pittelkow, “Die Hayek-Gesellschaft-‘Mistbeet der AfD?,’” Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 14, 2017, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/wirtschaft/hayek-gesellschaft-mistbeet-der-afd-1.3589049.

    73.  European Center for Austrian Economics Foundation publications, accessed March 22, 2022, https://ecaef.org/epublications/. Prince Michael is also the cofounder of the International Institute of Longevity and Longevity Center, https://l-institute.com/.

    74.  Ludwig Mises, Liberalism (1927), 3 ed. (Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Foundation for Economic Education, 1985), 109.

    75.  See J. C. Sharman, Havens in a Storm: The Struggle for Global Tax Regulation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

    76.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 355.

    77.  Palan, Murphy, and Chavagneux, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works, 5.

    78.  Lynnley Browning, “Liechtenstein to Share Some Secrets of Its Bank,” New York Times, December 4, 2008, ProQuest.

    79.  Conal Walsh, “Trouble in Banking Paradise as Uncle Sam’s Sheriffs Ride In,” Observer, October 27, 2002, Gale OneFile.

    80.  Summarized in Beattie, Liechtenstein, 372.

    81.  Palan, Murphy, and Chavagneux, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works, 107; and “Is Liechtenstein a Libertarian Utopia?,” ReasonTV, March 21, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGeOGnsSayc.

    82.  Peter Ford, “Trouble in Fairy-Tale Kingdom: Liechtenstein Bows to International Pressure, Moves to Curb Money Laundering,” Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 2000, Gale In Context: Global Issues.

    83.  Haig Simonian and Gerrit Wiesmann, “‘Fourth Reich’ Remarks Take Relations to New Low,” Financial Times, September 12, 2008, Financial Times Historical Archive, Gale.

    84.  Richard Rahn, “Attack on the Free,” Washington Times, February 12, 2013, https://m.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/feb/12/attack-on-the-free/.

    85.  “Discussion Q&A—Salin, Stone, Malice, Kinsella, Deist (PFS 2018),” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZptziXSxpx0.

    86.  Daniel Mitchell, “Is Secession a Good Idea?,” Cato at Liberty, October 17, 2011, https://www.cato.org/blog/secession-good-idea.

    87.  Stephanie Hess, “The Swiss Village That’s Home to an Imaginary State,” swissinfo.ch, April 13, 2018, https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/fantasy-democracy_the-swiss-village-that-s-home-to-an-imaginary-state/44040380; and https://modelhof.com/uploads/1/3/5/0/135061344/ich_als_souver%C3%A4n_en.pdf.

    88.  Titus Gebel, “Is Liberty in Our Lifetime Achievable?,” Free Private Cities, November 1, 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0gQKvPOIJ8.

  CHAPTER 8: A WHITE MAN’S BUSINESS CLAN IN SOMALIA

      1.  Bruce Sterling, Islands in the Net (New York: Arbor House, 1988), 386.

      2.  Sterling, Islands in the Net, 388.

      3.  Sterling, 261.

      4.  Yumi Kim, “Stateless in Somalia, and Loving It,” Mises Institute, February 21, 2006, https://mises.org/library/stateless-somalia-and-loving-it.

      5.  Biographical details in Michael van Notten, The Law of the Somalis (Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 2005), 239–40. Prominent ordoliberals were involved in the articulation and enactment of the laws, which placed the authority of the European Court of Justice above domestic courts. On competition policy see Antoine Vauchez, Brokering Europe: Euro-Lawyers and the Making of a Transnational Polity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015); and David J. Gerber, “Constitutionalizing the Economy: German Neoliberalism, Competition Law and the ‘New’ Europe,” American Journal of Comparative Law 42, no. 1 (Winter 1994): 25–84.

      6.  NRC quoted in Rudie Kagie, “Bemiddelaar in staatsgrepen,” Argus 1, no. 7 (May 30, 2017): 14.

      7.  New member list, 1977, Stanford University, Hoover Institution Archives, Mont Pelerin Society Papers, Box 19, folder 4. The same year, he hosted a special meeting of the MPS in Amsterdam attended by former German chancellor and fellow MPS member Ludwig Erhard where F. A. Hayek presented on his proposal to denationalize money. Van Notten to Hayek, February 9, 1977, Hoover Institution Archives, Hayek Papers, Box 78, Folder 19; F. A. Hayek, De weg naar moderne slavernij, trans. Michael van Notten and Boudewijn Bouckaert (Brussels: Acropolis, 1980); and Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Aan ons de keus, trans. Michael van Notten (Brussels: Acropolis, 1981).

      8.  Michael van Notten, “Europe: Free-Market Ideas Sprout in Brussels,” Wall Street Journal, February 29, 1984, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

      9.  Alain Siaens, “Les zones franches,” Hoover Institution Archives, Mont Pelerin Society Papers, Box 25, Folder 7.

    10.  Michael van Notten, De tewerkstellingszone als politiek breekijzer (Sint Genesius Rode: Institutum Europaeum, 1982).

    11.  “Wie gelooft in het Wonder van de Deregulieringszone?,” Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant, July 30, 1983, Krantenbank Zeeland.

    12.  Michael van Notten, “Make Governments Compete for People,” Economic Affairs (April–June 1984): 13–17.

    13.  Michael van Notten, “Politische Beweggründe für Freizonen in Europa,” Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, no. 32 (1983): 199.

    14.  Van Notten, “Politische Beweggründe für Freizonen in Europa,” 205.

    15.  Van Notten, “Make Governments Compete for People,” 13–17.

    16.  Michael van Notten, “Encouraging Enterprise—the Belgian Experience,” Economic Affairs (July 1983): 282–85.

    17.  Van Notten, “Politische Beweggründe für Freizonen in Europa,” 206.

    18.  Aurelia van Maalen, Dag, ik ga vrijheid halen (Amsterdam: Prometheus, 2016), 144; and M. M. Notten, De Arubaanse grondwet: vriend of vijand van de samenleving? (Brussels: Institutum Europaeum, 1984). This chapter relies in part on the above memoir written by van Notten’s daughter under a pseudonym.

    19.  Kagie, “Bemiddelaar in staatsgrepen,” 15.

    20.  Allegedly, the plan was to have Angolan guerrillas to help in the coup and to be compensated later with weaponry. To make the plan more baroque, van Notten claimed publicly that Libya was using Suriname as a staging area for operations in the region. Kagie, “Bemiddelaar in staatsgrepen,” 16; Vicki Rivera, “Libya Reported Drilling Terrorists in Suriname,” Washington Times, October 24, 1985, Newsbank.

    21.  Van Maalen, Dag, ik ga vrijheid halen, 147.

    22.  n.a., “Free Trade Zone in the Yukon,” Whitehorse Star, July 4, 1984, Newspapers.com.

    23.  Van Maalen, Dag, ik ga vrijheid halen, 130.

    24.  Van Maalen, 155.

    25.  Van Maalen, 43.

    26.  Van Notten was influenced by Belgian libertarian philosopher Frank Van Dun’s idea of natural law and natural rights. Van Dun wrote the afterword to van Notten, The Law of the Somalis, 121. See Frank Van Dun, “Against Libertarian Legalism: A Comment on Kinsella and Block,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 17, no. 3 (2003): 63–90.

    27.  See, e.g., E. E. Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People (Oxford: Clarendon, 1940). His student I. M. Lewis was the first to codify the Somali clan system in a book called A Pastoral Democracy that, as one scholar points out, would be better titled A Pastoral Anarchy. Gérard Prunier, The Country That Does Not Exist: A History of Somaliland (London: Hurst, 2021), 219. See I. M. Lewis, A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961). The technical term for the clan system is “patrilineal segmentary lineage.” Alex de Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power (Cambridge: Polity, 2015), 110.

    28.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “Reply to Benegas Lynch,” in Values and the Social Order, ed. Gerard Radnitzky (Aldershot: Avebury, 1997); and Günther Schlee, “Customary Law and the Joys of Statelessness: Idealised Traditions Versus Somali Realities,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 7, no. 2 (2013): 258.