73.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2001), 73.

    74.  See, e.g., citation of race scientist Philippe Rushton in Hoppe, Democracy, 141.

    75.  Hoppe, Democracy, 218.

    76.  Murray N. Rothbard, “America’s Two Just Wars: 1775 and 1861,” in The Costs of War: America’s Pyrrhic Victories, ed. John V. Denson (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999), 133.

    77.  See Nicole Hemmer, “The Alt-Right in Charlottesville: How an Online Movement Became a Real-World Presence,” in A Field Guide to White Supremacy, 287–303.

    78.  “Christopher Cantwell Radical Agenda,” accessed September 16, 2017, https://christophercantwell.com/product/i/.

    79.  Chase Rachels, White, Right, and Libertarian (Createspace Independent Publishing, 2018).

    80.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “Libertarianism and the Alt-Right: In Search of a Libertarian Strategy for Social Change,” The Ludwig von Mises Centre (UK), October 20, 2017, https://misesuk.org/2017/10/20/libertarianism-and-the-alt-right-hoppe-speech-2017/. See, e.g., Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “The Case for Free Trade and Restricted Immigration,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 13, no. 2 (1998): 221–33; and Rothbard, “Nations by Consent: Decomposing the Nation-State,” 7.

    81.  To date, the most successful efforts at creating self-contained white nationalist communities have been in the other corner of the country, in the Pacific Northwest. See Kathleen Belew, Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018).

    82.  Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition, 360.

    83.  Jim Surowiecki, “Bundynomics,” New Yorker, January 25, 2016, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/01/25/bundynomics. For excellent studies of this topic see Phil A. Neel, Hinterland: America’s New Landscape of Class and Conflict (London: Reaktion, 2018); Daniel Martinez HoSang and Joseph E. Lowndes, Producers, Parasites, Patriots: Race and the New Right-Wing Politics of Precarity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2019), chap. 5; and James R. Skillen, This Land Is My Land: Rebellion in the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2020). On the related Posse Comitatus, “sovereign citizen,” and “redemptionist” movements see Anna Merlan, Republic of Lies: Conspiracy Theorists and Their Surprising Rise to Power (New York: Metropolitan, 2019), chap. 7.

    84.  Michael Phillips, White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity, and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 64. For a reflection on Spencer and Dallas see Michael Phillips, “The Elite Roots of Richard Spencer’s Racism,” Jacobin, December 29, 2016, https://jacobin.com/2016/12/richard-spencer-alt-right-dallas-texas.

    85.  David Dillon, “Safe Havens: Gated Communities Are Appealing to Today’s Yearning for Security (June 19, 1994),” in The Open-Ended City: David Dillon on Texas Architecture, ed. Kathryn Holliday and Robert Decherd (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2019), 141–46.

  CHAPTER 6: COSPLAYING THE NEW MIDDLE AGES

      1.  This was the Fourth Liberty Fund–Fraser Institute Conference Rating Economic Freedom. Stephen T. Easton and Michael A. Walker, eds., Rating Global Economic Freedom (Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, 1992), vi.

      2.  Diana Ketcham, “Sea Ranch, California’s Modernist Utopia, Gets an Update,” New York Times, June 11, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/11/arts/design/sea-ranch-california.html.

      3.  Martha Tyler, “Sea Ranch Races Toward Build Out: Information from the 2000 U.S. Census,” Soundings (Spring 2002), https://www.tsra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Soundings_2002_Census-ID_3595.pdf.

      4.  Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs, 562; and “The Sea Ranch Restrictions: A Declaration of Restrictions, Covenants and Conditions,” May 10, 1965, https://www.tsra.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Restrictions.pdf.

      5.  Lawrence Halprin and Bill Platt, “The Sea Ranch as an Intentional Community,” Ridge Review 3, no. 3 (Fall 1983), http://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/2149774/71f003a25682dd4abc2c7aa0b93720b6.pdf?1525789191.

      6.  Hadley Meares, “From Russia with Love: Fort Ross and Russia’s Failed Attempt to Conquer California,” KCET, August 2, 2017, https://www.kcet.org/shows/california-coastal-trail/from-russia-with-love-fort-ross-and-russias-failed-attempt-to-conquer-california.

      7.  Edward J. Blakely and Mary Gail Snyder, Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997), 7. For many it has remained so. Geoff Eley writes about “gatedness” as an “emerging societal paradigm.” Geoff Eley, “Liberalism in Crisis: What Is Fascism and Where Does It Come From?,” in Fascism in America: Past and Present, ed. Gavriel Rosenfeld and Janet Ward (New York: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

      8.  Gernot Köhler, “The Three Meanings of Global Apartheid: Empirical, Normative, Existential,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 20, no. 3 (July–September 1995): 403–13.

      9.  Roger K. Lewis, “‘Gated’ Areas: Start of New Middle Ages,” Washington Post, September 9, 1995, ProQuest Historical Newspapers. See Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition, 228.

    10.  Lewis, “Start of New Middle Ages.”

    11.  Quoted in Natalie Y. Moore, The South Side: A Portrait of Chicago and American Segregation (New York: St. Martin’s, 2016), 46.

    12.  Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 118. See also Nancy MacLean, “How Milton Friedman Aided and Abetted Segregationists in His Quest to Privatize Public Education,” Institute for New Economic Thinking, September 27, 2021, https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/how-milton-friedman-aided-and-abetted-segregationists-in-his-quest-to-privatize-public-education.

    13.  He wrote for and helped edit the Harvard Conservative and was the university representative for the New Individualist Review, for which his father sat on the editorial board along with Friedrich Hayek. New Individualist Review 2, no. 2 (Summer 1962); and Friedman and Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs, 372.

    14.  David Friedman, “The Radical: Figs from Thistles,” New Guard (Summer 1969): 19.

    15.  Stan Lehr and Louis Rossetto Jr., “The New Right Credo-Libertarianism,” New York Times Magazine, January 10, 1971, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/10/archives/the-new-right-credo-libertarianism.html.

    16.  David Friedman, “Problems with Libertarianism” (1981), http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Ideas%20I/Libertarianism/Problems.pdf.

    17.  Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 32.

    18.  David Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism (New York: Harper Colophon, 1973).

    19.  Patrick M. Flynn, Letter to the Editor, New Guard, April 1970, 25.

    20.  Michael A. Cramer, Medieval Fantasy as Performance: The Society for Creative Anachronism and the Current Middle Ages (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010), 1.

    21.  “Some Tricks,” 185, http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/miscellany_pdf/Articles_about_Persona.pdf.

    22.  “Pennsic War History,” http://www.pennsicwar.org/History.

    23.  David Friedman, “A Theory of the Size and Shape of Nations,” Journal of Political Economy 85, no. 1 (February 1977): 59–77. David boasted of being a professional economist without having ever taken an economics course for credit. Friedman, “Problems with Libertarianism.”

    24.  David Friedman, “Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case,” Journal of Legal Studies 8, no. 2 (March 1979): 400.

    25.  For inspiration, Friedman credited the work of Gary Becker and George Stigler from earlier in the decade when they proposed “free competition” among enforcers. Gary Becker and George J. Stigler, “Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers,” Journal of Legal Studies 3, no. 1 (January 1974): 14; and Friedman, “Private Creation and Enforcement of Law: A Historical Case,” 400.

    26.  David Friedman, “Legal Systems Very Different from Ours” (2nd Seasteading Institute Conference, 2009), https://www.seasteading.org/david-d-friedman-legal-systems-very-different-from-ours/. For a recent reprisal of the theme see Vincent Geloso and Peter T. Leeson, “Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective,” Revue d’économie politique 6, no. 130 (2020): 957–74.

    27.  Benson’s personal web page, accessed January 2021, https://myweb.fsu.edu/bbenson/.

    28.  Bruce L. Benson, The Enterprise of Law: Justice Without the State (Oakland, CA: Independent Institute, 2011), 22.

    29.  Benson, Enterprise of Law, 23.

    30.  Benson, 28, 46.

    31.  Benson, 62.

    32.  Benson, 51.

    33.  Benson, 71.

    34.  Benson, 73.

    35.  Benson, 45.

    36.  Benson, 182.

    37.  Benson, 186.

    38.  William Gibson, Virtual Light (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1993).

    39.  Battle Angel, episode 1, “Ruty Angel,” directed by Hiroshi Fukutomi, written by Akinori Endō, original video animation, 1993.

    40.  Bruce Benson, To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 91.

    41.  Benson, The Enterprise of Law, 211.

    42.  Benson, To Serve and Protect: Privatization and Community in Criminal Justice, 5.

    43.  See also Rothbard, For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973), 108; and Murray N. Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty, 2nd ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 87.

    44.  Libertarian Forum offices were at 1620 Montgomery St. Libertarian Review, April 1979, 3; and Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, 413.

    45.  Gerald Frost, Antony Fisher: Champion of Liberty, condensed and ed. David Moller (London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2008).

    46.  David Boaz, “Gates of Wrath,” Washington Post, January 7, 1996, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    47.  Alexander Tabarrok, “Market Challenges and Government Failure: Lessons from the Voluntary City,” in The Voluntary City: Choice, Community, and Civil Society, ed. David T. Beito, Peter Gordon, and Alexander Tabarrok (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 428.

    48.  Donald J. Boudreaux and Randall G. Holcombe, “Government by Contract,” Public Finance Quarterly 17, no. 3 (1989): 266.

    49.  Boudreaux and Holcombe, “Government by Contract,” 276.

    50.  Gordon Tullock, Efficient Government Through Decentralization, BEPA Economic Papers (Pretoria: Bureau for Economic Policy and Analysis, 5 September 1979), 1.

    51.  Tullock, Efficient Government Through Decentralization, 12.

    52.  Gordon Tullock, “A New Proposal for Decentralizing Government Activity,” in Rationale Wirtschaftspolitik in komplexen Gesellschaften: Gérard Gäfgen zum 60. Geburtstag, ed. Hellmuth Milde and Hans G. Monissen (Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1985), 146.

    53.  Gordon Tullock, The New Federalist (Vancouver, BC: Fraser Institute, 1994), xvi.

    54.  Retiring from George Mason University in 1987, he took a new job at the University of Arizona only to return to GMU from 1999 to 2008. What Tullock wrote about as the Sunshine Mountain Ridge HOA was almost certainly the Sunrise Mountain Ridge HOA in the Catalina Foothills, still active today.

    55.  Tullock, The New Federalist, 11.

    56.  Tullock, 14.

    57.  David Boaz, “Opting Out of Government Failure,” Washington Post, September 10, 1996, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

    58.  Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism, 219.

    59.  Hans-Hermann Hoppe, “The Libertarian Quest for a Grand Historical Narrative,” Mises Institute, November 5, 2018, https://mises.org/print/44602.

    60.  Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, 291.

    61.  David Friedman, “Concerning a Dream,” Tournaments Illuminated, no. 42 (1977), http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/miscellany_pdf/Articles_about_Persona.pdf.

    62.  Patri Friedman, “Ephemerisle,” Seasteading Institute Conference, September 29, 2009, San Francisco, CA, video, 31:46, https://vimeo.com/10912197.

    63.  Philip E. Steinberg, Elizabeth Nyman, and Mauro J. Caraccioli, “Atlas Swam: Freedom, Capital, and Floating Sovereignties in the Seasteading Vision,” Antipode 44, no. 4 (2012): 1532–50.

    64.  Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism, 156.

    65.  Graham and Marvin, Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition, 272; and Keith C. Veal, “The Gating of America: The Political and Social Consequences of Gated Communities on the Body Politic” (PhD diss., Michigan, 2013), 8.

    66.  Heath Brown, Homeschooling the Right: How Conservative Education Activism Erodes the State (New York: Columbia University Press, 2021), 5.

    67.  Brown, Homeschooling the Right: How Conservative Education Activism Erodes the State, 72.

    68.  David Friedman, “Secession,” Daviddfriedman.com, April 9, 2013, http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Secession.html.

    69.  I take these points from Evan McKenzie, Beyond Privatopia: Rethinking Residential Private Government (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2012), 55.

    70.  Evan McKenzie, Privatopia: Homeowners Associations and the Rise of Residential Private Government (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 15–17.

    71.  Friedman, The Machinery of Freedom: Guide to a Radical Capitalism, 173.

    72.  Linda Carlson, Company Towns of the Pacific Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), 193.

    73.  Carlson, Company Towns of the Pacific Northwest, 12.

  CHAPTER 7: YOUR OWN PRIVATE LIECHTENSTEIN

      1.  Peggy Durdin, “Life in Shangri-Liechtenstein,” New York Times, October 17, 1954, https://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/17/archives/life-in-shangriliechtenstein-the-tiny-nation-has-the-lowest-taxes.html.

      2.  William McGurn, “Liechtenstein, the Supply-Siders’ Lilliputian Lab,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 1985, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

      3.  Louw and Kendall, South Africa: The Solution, 141.

      4.  “Aufruf zur sofortigen Abschaffung aller Sozialleistungen für Migranten,” Eigentümlich Frei, April 21, 2017, https://ef-magazin.de/2017/04/21/10876-massenmigration-wohlfahrtsstaat-und-grenzsicherung-aufruf-zur-sofortigen-abschaffung-aller-sozialleistungen-fuer-migranten; and Titus Gebel, “What We Can Learn from Liechtenstein,” Mises Wire, September 3, 2019, https://mises.org/wire/what-we-can-learn-liechtenstein.

      5.  “Sorry, Savers, We’ve Gone Legit,” Economist, April 13, 2002, Economist Historical Archive.

      6.  Andrew Young, “Freedom and Prosperity in Liechtenstein: A Hoppean Analysis,” Journal of Libertarian Studies 22 (2010): 278.

      7.  Today, Liechtenstein and Saudi Arabia are the only two countries whose names incorporate the surnames of their rulers.

      8.  Rudolf Bachthold et al., Eine Adresse in Liechtenstein: Finanzdrehscheibe und Steuerparadies (Wiesbaden: Gabler, 1979), 13.

      9.  David Beattie, Liechtenstein: A Modern History, 2nd ed. (Triesen: Van Eck, 2012), 37.

    10.  George E. Glos, “The Analysis of a Tax Haven: The Liechtenstein Anstalt,” International Lawyer 18, no. 4 (Fall 1984): 929.

    11.  Beattie, Liechtenstein, 68.

    12.  Beattie, 75.

    13.  Brooke Harrington, Capital Without Borders: Wealth Managers and the One Percent (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 37–39.