Berlin the downfall 1945, p.62
Berlin: The Downfall 1945,
p.62
‘Norge’, 257, 258, 302
‘Charlemagne’, 291–3, 302, 319, 321–2, 323, 352, 356–7
Latvian Bn, 322
Reichsführer SS guard bn, 294
Heavy Panzer Bn 502, 218, 223, 330
Heavy Panzer Bn 503, 322, 352 ‘Hermann von Salza’ Heavy Panzer Bn, 297, 319, 357
Wagner, Gerd, 218
Wagner, Gauleiter Joseph, 386, 387
Warsaw, 18, 21, 22–3
uprising, 20, 99
ghetto, 23
Wartheland, 22, 63
Wedding, 346
Weidendamm bridge, 382
Weidling, Gen. Helmuth and Oder battle, 225, 228, 229, 237, 242, 245, 246, 256, 259
and defence of Berlin, 267, 269, 286, 287, 291, 292, 301, 304, 320, 358
and breakout plans, 320, 353, 358, 382
and surrender, 386
Weiss, Lt. Col. Rudolf, 351
Weiss, Col. Gen. Walter, 116, 117, 118
Weissensee, 301
Weizsäcker, Dr Gerlag v., 325
Wenck, Gen. Walther, 21, 90, 150, 200, 201, 276, 284, 285, 286, 298, 328, 329, 330, 350, 378, 379, 395, 397, 398
Werwolf, 173–6, 260, 261, 412, 415, 416
Werwolfsender, 261, 285
White, Maj. Gen. Isaac D., 190
Wiesbaden, 203
Wilhelm Gustloff, sinking of, 51, 88
Wilhelmstrasse, 304, 322, 347, 351, 352, 356, 366
Winant, John G., 84
Wittenberge, 202
Wöhlermann, Col. Hans-Oscar, 228, 229, 237, 340
Wolf, Friedrich, 214
Wolf, Koni, 214, 373, 402
Wolf, Markus, 214, 373, 417–18
Wolff, SS-Obergpfh. Karl, 142, 144, 194
Wolfsschanze HQ 6, 7, 96–8
Woltersdorf, 240, 248
Wriezen, 134, 242, 243, 246
Y
Yalta conference, 20, 77–82, 83, 99, 100, 143, 364, 420
Yermakov, Maj. Gen. I. P., 328
Yushchuk, Maj. Gen. I.I., 235–6
Z
Zavenyagin, Gen. Avraami, 324, 325
Zehlendorf, 232
Zerbst, 203, 232, 284
Zhadov, Gen. A. S., 239, 245
Zhukov, Marshal G. K., 15, 16, 18, 21, 26, 44, 63, 64, 65, 87, 88
and Poland, 99
and Pomeranian campaign, 115–16
summoned to Moscow by Stalin, 136–7
and ‘Berlin operation’, 144–5, 146–7, 165, 186, 206
and arrest of Polish leaders, 195
and battle for see low Heights, 216–23, 226, 227, 228, 229–30, 235, 242, 243, 269
and rivalry with Konev, 222, 230, 232, 242, 255, 256, 265, 296, 319
and battle for Berlin, 255, 268, 269, 319, 384
and surrender, 368, 369, 403, 404–5
and death of Hitler, 389, 399, 400, 426, 428
and Red Army discipline, 413
and Stalin, 425, 426, 427, 428
Ziegler, SS-Brigfh. Joachim, 241, 242, 269, 291, 292, 301–2, 366, 382, 383
Zoo flak tower and bunker, 2, 268, 282, 287, 340, 355, 356, 372–3, 384, 391–2, 394
Praise for Antony Beevor’s BERLIN
‘The outstanding piece of non-fiction this year. His last book, Stalingrad was, I thought, as good as it gets. But Berlin is even better. If you ever needed reminding of why war is something we should move heaven and earth to avoid, this will do it’.
Jeremy Paxman, Guardian
‘Once you’ve read it, it’ll stay with you forever. What a book!’
Barbara Trapido, Observer
‘Beevor tells the savage, gripping story of the fall of the city with brilliance and a humane attention to the impact of an epic battle on fragile, individual lives. His powerful account lays bare the nightmarish sordidness of German fascism, with its back to the wall, buying a few more days at the expense of thousands of lives’.
Helen Dunmore, The Times
‘Antony Beevor has become justly celebrated for Stalingrad, and his new book, Berlin: The Downfall 1945, lives up to all his fans’ expectations. Beevor has explored Russian and German sources with his customary industry, to produce a gripping and harrowing narrative of the city’s fall to the Red Army in 1945’.
Max Hastings, Sunday Telegraph
‘Essential reading’.
Michael Howard, The Times Literary Supplement
‘This is a brilliantly researched book, all the more effective because of Beevor’s spare and unemotional style’.
Sue McGregor, Daily Telegraph
‘The narrative onslaught of Beevor’s book is tremendous’.
Iain Finlayson, The Times
‘An appalling and gripping story’.
Margaret Macmillan, Sunday Telegraph
‘I read it like a novel… it does make you feel as if you know what it might have been like to be there’.
Anne Applebaum, Evening Standard
‘The style contributes to the account itself, a masterful mixture of narrative finesse and scrupulousness towards the facts. In both categories we are witnessing an author at the height of his art’.
Thomas Kielinger, Die Welt
‘The best of five exemplary works of history is Beevor’s Berlin. The story has been told many times, but Beevor brings a distinctive combination of gifts to it. Not merely is he a lucid chronicler of military tactics, strategy and maneuvers, but he has a sympathetic eye for the ordinary people who became war’s innocent victims — in this case the uncountable thousands of women who were raped and brutalized by the Red Army as it raced to the prize that was Berlin’.
Jonathan Yardley, Washington Post
‘Riveting, magnificent — masterly but shocking. It simply makes [all previous histories] obsolete at a stroke’.
Independent
‘Beevor gives an exceptionally clear account of complicated military movements and the reasoning of the commanders responsible for them. But he is also sensitive to the real casualties of war. Boys whose anxious faces disappeared within man-sized helmets; women who managed to feed their babies between multiple gang rapes; and elderly folk who found themselves in the midst of hell because they were loath to leave a family farm or a spouse’s grave. The result is a masterpiece of modern historical writing’.
Michael Burleigh, Guardian
‘Beevor, a British historian of great distinction and range, once more demonstrates his mastery of his sources, including newly discovered material from Soviet archives’.
Gordon Craig, New York Review of Books
‘Quite splendid. Combines a calm and scholarly narrative with an unrelenting moral indignation at what he has uncovered. Berlin stands as a superbly lucid examination of one of the most dreadful battles in world history’.
Irish Times
‘A compelling piece of historical description and assessment, the more important because some of Beevor’s Russian archival sources may not be available in future’.
Alan Judd, Daily Telegraph
‘Superlative. The days and events leading to the final collapse of Berlin are recreated vividly and faithfully. It is an education’.
Independent on Sunday
‘Magisterial. This is an epic story, epically told: chilling, insightful, analytical, desperately moving. From the past at its worst, Antony Beevor has fashioned history at its best’.
Scotsman
‘A clear window into that dark, awful past for those in Europe — or anywhere else — who have not known war’s horrors’.
Time
‘Reading Berlin is like viewing some enormous, latter-day Hieronymous Bosch painting of the human race in total meltdown. You can’t comprehend its entirety at first glance, because each of the fascinating details compels your attention’.
Boston Herald
‘A devastating account’.
New Statesman
‘Chilling, authoritative… Beevor magnificently captures the true pity of war’.
Daily Mail
‘Digging deep into Soviet files, personal diaries and memoirs… Beevor brings vividly alive the final days of the doomed metropolis. It’s in his eye for the chilling detail about ordinary people and soldiers caught up in the maelstrom of defeat that Beevor so magnificently captures the true pity of war. Compelling, admirably readable and fresh’.
David Stafford, Evening Standard
‘Immaculately assembled, meticulous exposition. With an epic sweep worthy of Tolstoy, Beevor has produced a superlative sequel to Stalingrad’.
The Times
‘A horrifyingly vivid account of the Fall of Berlin in 1945. Beevor handles his subject sensitively and wisely’.
Daily Telegraph
‘Hugely impressive. Beevor is a superb writer, a diligent researcher and a master of detail’.
Chicago Tribune
‘Beevor has created haunting images of the war’s final days… the best account yet written’.
Carlo D’Este, New York Times
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Antony Beevor was educated at Winchester and Sandhurst. A regular officer in the 11th Hussars, he served in Germany and England. He has published several novels, while his works of non-fiction include The Spanish Civil War, Crete: The Battle and the Resistance, which won the 1993 Runciman Award, Stalingrad and Berlin: The Downfall 1945. With his wife, Artemis Cooper, he wrote Paris After the Liberation: 1944–1949. Stalingrad was awarded the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-fiction, the Wolfson History Prize and the Hawthornden Prize in 1999. It became a number-one bestseller both in hardback and paperback, the UK edition alone selling over half a million copies. It is being published around the world in twenty-four translations. Berlin: The Downfall 1945 was also a number-one bestseller and is being translated into twenty-four languages. Most of his titles are published by Penguin.
Antony Beevor is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a Chevalier de L’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. In 2003, he received the first Longman-History Today Trustees’ Award. He was the 2002–2003 Lees-Knowles lecturer at Cambridge and is a visiting professor at Birkbeck College, University of London.
Copyright
PENGUIN BOOKS
Published by the Penguin Group
Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA
Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.)
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Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
www.penguin.com
First published by Viking 2002
First published in Penguin Books 2003
This edition published 2007
Copyright © Antony Beevor, 2002
Maps copyright © Raymond Turvey, 2002
All rights reserved
The moral right of the author has been asserted
Except in the United States of America, this book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser
ISBN: 978-0-141-90302-6
Footnotes
1
Medical personnel had such a terrible time that a very large proportion gave up medicine at the end of the war.
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2
In October 1944, after Brandt had accused Dr Morell of providing Hitler with dangerous drugs, the dispute had been solved by making Brandt Reich Commissioner for sanitation and health. The allies later held him responsible for euthanasia killings and medical experiments on prisoners and rejected his defence that he had had no control over the establishments where this had happened.
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3
Soviet estimates put the German strength at 180,000. This was because the Red Army included all those they took prisoner afterwards, including unarmed Volkssturm, city police, railway officials and members of the Reich Labour Service. Propaganda naturally played a part too.
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4
Soviet sources claim that Busse’s force in the forest amounted to 200,000 men, with 300 tanks and 2,000 guns, a preposterous exaggeration for propaganda purposes. One detailed US Army report, however, puts the figures even lower, at around 40,000.
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5
Some historians appear to think that the poison used in all cases was prussic acid, not cyanide, but prussic acid is in fact a form of cyanide. In any case, the Soviet autopsy report on Adolf and Eva Hitler states, ‘The remains of glass ampoules which had contained cyanide compound were found in the oral cavities. These were identical to those found in the mouths of Goebbels and his wife.’
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6
Formerly RTsKhIDNI (Rossiisky Tsentr Khraneniya i Izucheniya Dokumentov Noveishei Istorii)
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7
The ‘Special Archive’ of captured German documents comes from the 194,000 Nazi Party, Reich Chancellery, SS and Gestapo files discovered by the 59th Army of the Red Army at a castle in Lower Saxony (probably Schloss Furstenstein near Waldenburg, rather than the Schloss Althorn mentioned in some accounts)
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Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945
