As of March 2007, the American labor force numbers 146.3 million people. See Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Situation Summary,” accessed April 2007, at http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm.

  Data on the average American commute come from U.S. Census, American Community Survey, press release of February 25, 2004, accessed June 2006, at http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/americancommunitysurveyacs/001695.html.

  Data on national commuting come from Clara Reschovsky, “Journey to Work: 2000,” U.S. Census brief, issued March 2004.

  The Midas Muffler contest was reported at Gary Richards, “Your Commute Is Bad? Try 186 Miles Each Way,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, May 4, 2006.

  Data on 2005 average sale prices of new homes come from U.S. Census, “Median and Average Sales Prices of New One-Family Houses Sold,” accessed June 2006, at http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgprice.pdf.

  “Worst Commute” data were reported in D’Vera Cohn and Robert Samuels, “Daily Misery Has a Number: Commute 2nd-Longest in U.S.,” Washington Post, August 30, 2006.

  Dr. Casada’s insights and those of the Georgia Tech researchers are courtesy of “The Long and Grinding Road,” cited above.

  The ABC/Washington Post poll data come from Gary Langer, “Poll: Traffic in the United States,” February 13, 2005, accessed June 2006, at http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/print?id=485098.

  Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (Simon & Schuster, 2000).

  For articles helpful to the International Picture, see Vernon Silver, “Cheap European Flights Cater to Both Commuting Doctors and Drunken Revelers,” Bloomberg News, February 23, 2007; “UK Commute ‘Longest in Europe,’” BBC News Magazine, July 22, 2003; Sean Coughlan, “The New Commuter Belt,” BBC News Magazine, July 18, 2006; Matt Welch, “Fly the Frugal Skies,” www.reasononline.com, January 2005; “The Rise of the Super-Commuter,” www.cnn.com, April 12, 2005; Vernon Silver, “Ryanair Sparks Surgeon Commutes, European Vacation Home Frenzy,” www.Bloomberg.com, February 22, 2007; and Keith Naughton, “Tailing the X-Commuter,” Newsweek International, July 3–10, 2006.

  Stay-at-Home Workers

  Trend data on Stay-at-Home Workers come from U.S. Census 2000: “Class of Worker for Workers Who Worked at Home for the United States: 1980 to 2000,” accessed September 2006, at http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t35/tab01-5.xls.

  Demographic data on Stay-at-Home Workers come largely from “Selected Characteristics of Workers Who Worked at Home and Workers Who Did Not Work at Home for the United States: 2000,” accessed September 2006, at http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t35/tab01-2.pdf.

  On the topic of Momtrepreneurs generally, see Mary-Beth McLaughlin, “Moms Spur Growth in Home Businesses,” Scripps Howard News Service, November 14, 2006; and Jasmine D. Adkins, “For Women Consultants, Business Is Booming,” Inc.com, July 19, 2006.

  The American Business Collaboration study was cited in Eileen Gunn, “Working from Home Is Losing Its Stigma,” Wall Street Journal Online, accessed April 2007, at http://www.startupjournal.com/howto/workhome/20041014-gunn.html.

  Other articles useful to this chapter included “Getting a Home Office to Work for You,” Associated Press, September 3, 2004; Eleena De Lisser and Dan Morse, “More Men than Women Working from Home,” Wall Street Journal Online, accessed April 2007, at http://www.startupjournal.com/howto/workhome/199906211437-lisser.html; Hugo Martin, “Touting a Telecommunications Trade-Off,” Los Angeles Times, August 22, 2001; and Jaimee Rose, “The Safety Zone: As Workplace, Home Has Hazards,” Los Angeles Times, August 14, 2000.

  Wordy Women

  For more on Larry Summers and the Women in Science flap, see James Traub, “Lawrence Summers, Provocateur,” New York Times, January 23, 2005; and Cornelia Dean, “Bias is Hurting Women in Science, Panel Reports,” New York Times, September 19, 2006.

  The 2005 data on women in journalism come from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 11, “Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation, Sex, Race, and Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity”; and Paul Farhi, “Men, Signing Off: As More Women Become TV Anchors and Reporters, Males Exit the Newsroom,” Washington Post, July 23, 2006. Other useful articles on this issue include Suzanne C. Ryan, “The Vanishing Anchorman: The Number of Male Newscasters on TV Has Reached an All-Time Low. What’s the Story?” Boston Globe, January 15, 2006; and Vicky Lovell, Ph.D., Heidi Hartmann, Ph.D., and Jessica Koski, “Making the Right Call: Jobs and Diversity in the Communications and Media Sector,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, 2006, accessed on May 4, 2006, at http://www.iwpr.org/pdf/C364.pdf.

  The 70 percent figure on women in public relations comes from Rick Hampson, “Women Dominate PR . . . Is That Good?” USA Today, April 25, 2001. As of 2007, it may be closer to 65 percent.

  In 1971, there were 9,947 women lawyers. In 2000, there were 288,060. See American Bar Foundation, Researching Law, Vol. 16, No. 1, Winter 2005, p. 7. For the rest of the data on women and the law, see “Legal Education Statistics,” Fall Enrollment 2004, American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar, January 25, 2005, accessed May 2007, at http://www.abanet.org/legaled/statistics/fall2004enrollment.pdf; National Association for Law Placement, November 2004, accessed May 2007, at http://www.nalp.org/press/details.php?id=53.

  For data on women in the sciences, see the BLS source cited above; and James Dean, “Gender Gap Attracts Scrutiny: Women Remain Outnumbered at Science Schools,” Florida Today, February 5, 2005. For more on women in business, see Carol Hymowitz, “Women Swell Ranks As Middle Managers,” Associated Press Financial Wire, July 24, 2006.

  The insights about “women’s issues” climbing on the evening news come from the Farhi article cited above.

  For more on women in teaching, see Chris Kenning, “Shortage of Male Teachers Worsens in Elementaries; Stereotypes Add to the Imbalance,” Courier-Journal (Louisville, KY), November 22, 2004.

  Ardent Amazons

  For more on women’s football leagues, see http://www.womensfootballcentral.com/teams.html; http://www.iwflsports.com/teams.php; and http://www.womensprofootball.com/teams.php.

  More about women firefighters fighting discrimination can be found at Rick Barrett, “Firefighting Still Seen by Some as ‘Last Male Bastion.’” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 19, 2006; and at the Web site of Women in the Fire Service, Inc., http://www.wfsi.org/women and firefighting/faq.php.

  Data on women police officers come from “Crime in the United States 2004,” accessed April 2007, at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius 04/law enforcement personnel/table 74.html.

  Information on women in construction comes from the National Association of Women in Construction Web site, accessed February 2007, at http://www.nawic.org/.

  Data on women in the military come from Department of Defense Personnel, 1960–2005, accessed February 2007, at http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/07statab/defense.pdf.

  The PSB poll was conducted online on April 2–3, 2007.

  The study on gender and excessive force is the National Center for Women and Policing, “Men, Women and Police Excessive Force: A Tale of Two Genders,” April 2002, accessed February 2007, at http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2002 Excessive Force.pdf.

  The data on men’s and women’s marathon times come from Laura Pappano, “Gender Games,” Boston Globe, September 28, 2003, accessed April 2007, at http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/articles/2003/09/28/gender games/.

  III. Race and Religion

  Stained Glass Ceiling Breakers

  Data on growth in women clergy come from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employed Persons by Detailed Occupation and Sex, 1983–2002 Annual Averages.” The data on women in divinity school are cited in Neela Banerjee, “Clergywomen Find Hard Path to Bigger Pulpit,” New York Times, August 26, 2006. Data on religion majors come from the National Center on Education Statistics, accessed September 2006, at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d05/tables/xls/tabn262.xls and http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d95/dtab242.asp.

  The survey of women clergy was conducted by Laura S. Olson, Sue E. S. Crawford, and James L. Guth, “Changing Issue Agendas of Women Clergy,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, June 2000, and reported in Martin E. Marty, “Women Clergy: The Numbers,” accessed March 2007, at http://www.beliefnet.com/story/33/story 3340l.html; and “Women Clergy: More Liberal, More Political?”, Religion Link, accessed March 2007, at http://www.religionlink.org/tip040120b.php.

  The survey regarding women clergy being more caring was conducted and reported by Barbara Brown Zikmund, Adair T. Lummis, and Patricia M. Y. Chang, Christian Century, May 6, 1998, and accessed March 2007, at http://hirr.hartsem.edu/bookshelf/clergywomen summary.html.

  The study of United Methodist clergywomen was conducted by Jesse Shultz et al. and summarized in “UF Study: Female Ministers Face Pettiness, Patriarchy and Pressures,” June 9, 1999, accessed March 2007, at http://news.ufl.edu/1999/06/09/clergy/.

  The reliance on Adam and Eve to ban women clergy was reported in Marc Schogol, “Black Women’s Struggle to Serve from the Pulpit as Well as in the Pews,” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 26, 1997.

  Trend Data on various religions’ membership come from http://www.demographia.com/db-religusa2002.htm; U.S. Census, Table 73, “Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990 and 2001,” accessed September 2006, at http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/tables/07s0073.xls; and Cathy Lynn Grossman, “‘Code’ and the Sacred Feminine,” USA Today, May 23, 2006, accessed September 2006, at http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2006-05-23-code-women x.htm.

  The data on hearts and heads come from a poll conducted by PSB in September 2006.

  Pro-Semites

  The data regarding educational attainment among women of various religions were taken from the study conducted for Brooklyn College, CUNY, by Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, “The Impact of Religious Identification on Differences in Educational Attainment Among American Women 2001,” Religion in a Free Market, Paramount Market Publishing, 2005.

  The Roper survey results cited were obtained from searches of the iPOLL Databank and other resources provided by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, Survey by Fortune and Roper Organization, July 1939, retrieved March 16, 2007, from the iPOLL Databank, the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, .

  The Gallup poll regarding attitudes toward different religions can be found in the Gallup Poll News Service, “August Panel Survey,” August 28–31, 2006.

  The surprising number of non-Jews on JDate was brought to our attention by Sarah E. Richards, “You Don’t Have to Be Jewish to Love JDate,” New York Times, December 5, 2004.

  The PSB poll was conducted in September 2006.

  Interracial Families

  Data on the number of interracial marriages in America come from Sharon M. Lee and Barry Edmonston, “New Marriages, New Families, U.S. Racial and Hispanic Intermarriage,” Population Bulletin, a publication of the Population Reference Bureau, Vol. 60, No. 2, June 2005, p. 11. Thanks to Mr. Edmonston himself for helping us navigate the data.

  Data on American attitudes toward interracial marriage come from Allison Stein Wellner, “U.S. Attitudes Toward Interracial Dating Are Liberalizing,” www.prb.com, June 2005, citing RoperASW, Roper Reports 03–3 (unpublished study). The Pew study cited is a Pew Research Center Social Trends Report, “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner,” released March 14, 2006. That study also contains views on interracial dating by age. The Gallup study is Gallup Poll News Service, “Acceptance of Interracial Marriage at Record High,” June 1, 2004.

  Much of the interracial adoption data come from Lynette Clemetson and Ron Nixon, “Breaking Through Adoption’s Racial Barriers,” New York Times, August 16, 2006. For more on international adoptions, see Sharon Jayson, “New Generation Doesn’t Blink at Interracial Relationships,” USA Today, February 7, 2006.

  Data on youth interracial dating come from Ely Portillo and Frank Greve, “Social Integration in the U.S., Including Cohabiting and Marriage, Is Surging,” McClatchy Newspapers, July 20, 2006; data regarding members of match.com come from http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15084469.htm?template=contentModules/printstory.jsp, accessed October 2006.

  The survey of interracial couples was conducted March 29–May 20, 2001, by ICR/International Communications Research for the Washington Post, and reported at “Race, Dating, and Marriage,” July 5, 2001, accessed October 2006, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/sidebars/polls/couples.htm.

  Another article useful to this chapter includes Steve Sailer, “2000 Census Shows Interracial Marriage Gender Gaps Remain Large,” UPI, March 14, 2003.

  Data for the International Picture come from Norimitsu Onishi, “Betrothed at First Sight: A Korean-Vietnamese Courtship,” New York Times, February 22, 2007; “The Family—International Marriages More Common,” Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo), December 3, 2005; “Vietnamese Decree to Tighten Foreign Marriage,” Deutxhe Presse-Agentur, July 26, 2006; and “More Russian Women Marry Foreigners,” TASS, January 15, 2007.

  Protestant Hispanics

  Thanks to my friend and colleague Sergio Bendixen for his review of and thoughtful reflections on this chapter.

  Data on the Latino population in America come from U.S. Census, “Nation’s Population One-Third Minority,” accessed April 2007, at http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/006808.html.

  Data on Latinos and Catholicism, including the data on Latino priests, come from Bruce Murray, “Latino Religion in the U.S.: Demographic Shifts and Trends,” accessed August 2006, at http://www.facsnet.org/issues/faith/espinosa.php.

  The book cited is Gaston Espinosa, Virgilio Elizondo, and Jesse Miranda, editors, Latino Religions and Civic Activism in the United States (Oxford University Press, 2005). The 2003 study on Hispanic churches in American public life is a preliminary study by the same authors.

  A useful article on the question of why Hispanics are drawn to Pentecostalism, as well as the Pentecostals’ assertive outreach tactics, is Arian Campo-Flores, “The Battle for Latino Souls,” Newsweek, March 21, 2005.

  The data on Latino voting in 2004 come from Roberto Suro, Richard Fry, and Jeffrey Passel, “Hispanics and the 2004 Election: Population, Electorate, and the Voters,” Pew Hispanic Center, June 27, 2005. The data on 2006 Latino voting are also from the Pew Hispanic Center, “Latinos and the 2006 Mid-Term Election,” released November 27, 2006, and accessed December 2006, at http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/26.pdf.

  The PSB poll of Latinos was conducted by telephone, March 5, 2006.

  Moderate Muslims

  Data on American attitudes toward Islam come from a CBS News poll, “Sinking Perceptions of Islam,” conducted April 6–9, 2006, accessed September 2006, at http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/12/national/main1494697.shtml; and Lydia Saad, “Anti-Muslim Sentiments Fairly Commonplace,” USA Today/Gallup Poll conducted July 28–30, 2006. Other useful articles on attitudes toward Muslims include Claudia Deane and Darryl Fears, “Negative Perception of Islam Increasing,” Washington Post, March 9, 2006.

  Most of the data on Muslims’ own attitudes and demographics come from “Muslims in the American Public Square,” a poll conducted by ProjectMAPS and Zogby International, August 5–September 15, 2004 (hereafter, “MAPS Poll”). Comparison data with Americans in general come from Darren K. Carlson, “Americans Softening on Tougher Gun Laws?,” Gallup Polls, November 30, 2004; and Harris Interactive Poll No. 80, October 31, 2006 (on attending religious services), and Harris Interactive Poll No. 19, March 9, 2005 (on political affiliation).

  For more on recent Muslim immigration, see Andrea Elliott, “More Muslims Arrive in US, After 9/11 Dip,” New York Times, September 10, 2006.

  Data on the growth of mosques come from www.usinfo.state.gov, “Demographic Facts,” accessed December 2006, at http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/muslimlife/demograp.htm.

  For more on the American Muslim Alliance, see its Web site at http://www.amaweb.org/, and Lee Hudson Teslik, “A Muslim for the Hill?,” Newsweek, September 13, 2006.

  Data on the Muslim electorate’s shift in 2004 come from MAPS Poll, cited above.

  The Social Policy and Understanding survey was conducted by Ihsan Bagby and reported at “A Portrait of Detroit Mosques: Muslim Views on Policy, Politics, and Religion,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2004, accessed December 2006, at http://www.ispu.us/go/images/F000196/Detroit Mosque Exec Summary.pdf. The report is not without its critics, who claim that the author exaggerates American Muslim moderation. The Khan piece is M. A. Muqtedar Kahn, “The Remarkable Moderation of Detroit Muslims,” Detroit News, July 4, 2004, accessed December 2006, at http://www.ijtihad.org/Moderation%20of%20American%20Muslims.htm.

  For more on the American Islamic Congress, see its Web site at http://www.aicongress.org/. For more on the Free Muslims Coalition and Kamal Nawash, see http://www.freemuslims.org/ and Don Oldenburg, “Muslims’ Unheralded Messenger,” Washington Post, May 13, 2005.

  Resources useful to the International Section included “An Uncertain Road: Muslims and the Future of Europe,” Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, October 2005, accessed December 2006, at http://pewforum.org/publications/reports/muslims-europe-2005.pdf; and Omar Taspinar, “Europe’s Muslim Street,” Foreign Policy, March 2003. The Pew Global Attitudes Project was reported at “Muslims in Europe: Economic Worries Top Concerns About Religious and Cultural Identity,” Pew Global Attitudes Project, released July 6, 2006, accessed December 2006, at http://pewglobal.org/reports/display.php?ReportID=254.

  IV. Health and Wellness

  Sun-Haters

  The tanning parlor–Starbucks comparison comes from Julie Rawe, “Why Teens Are Obsessed with Tanning,” TIME, August 7, 2006, pp. 54–56.