The Biosphere story is told in Julian Dibbell, “Super Skinny Me,” The Observer (London), December 3, 2006.

  Evidence of health effects of CR is cited in Jack Cox, “Low-Cal Movement,” Houston Chronicle, May 2, 2004.

  For more on the centenarian Okinawans, see Nicole Piscopo Neal, “Meet the 120-Year-Old Man,” Palm Beach Post, January 17, 2004; and Richard Corliss and Michael D. Lemonick, “How to Live to Be 100,” TIME, August 30, 2004.

  For more on the Calorie Restriction Society itself, and its founder, Roy Walford, see their Web site, www.calorierestriction.org.

  Caffeine Crazies

  All statistics on bottled water, soft drink, alcohol, and overall beverage consumption come from U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the US: 2007, Table 201, “Per Capita Consumption of Selected Beverages by Type: 1900–2004.”

  Information on sales of Dasani and Aquafina, drinks with “functional benefits,” and energy drinks, comes from March 8, 2007, press release of the Beverage Marketing Corporation, accessed April 2007, at http://www.beveragemarketing.com/news2.htm.

  Coffee-drinking statistics are reported in Reuters, “More Adults Prefer Daily Cup of Coffee,” citing the 2006 National Coffee Drinking Trends report, March 3, 2007; and Tammy Joyner, “Innovators Come Up with Ways to Get Daily Jolt,” Cox News Service, February 16, 2007. The latter article also provided the information about caffeine-laden food.

  Starbucks growth statistics were cited in “Gourmet Coffee Popping Up in Unexpected Places,” Associated Press, May 2, 2005.

  The study on soft drinks being the leading source of American caloric intake was reported in Shari Roan, “Less than Zero,” Los Angeles Times, November 27, 2006.

  Tea sales data come from “Steaming Ahead, America’s Tea Boom,” The Economist, July 8, 2006.

  More information about energy drinks can be found in Michael Mason, “The Energy Drink Buzz Is Unmistakable,” New York Times, December 12, 2006.

  The Chicago poison center study was reported by an October 16, 2006, American College of Emergency Physicians press release, “Caffeine Abuse Among Young People Discovered in Examination of Poison Center Calls,” accessed April 2007, at http://www.acep.org/webporta/Newsroom/NR/general/2006/101606b.htm.

  For more on Americans’ sleeping habits, see the 2002 Sleep in America poll, conducted by the National Sleep Foundation, accessed April 2007, at http://www.sleep-deprivation.com/.

  The Viagra data come from “Younger Men Lead Surge in Viagra Use, Study Reveals,” Medical News Today, August 6, 2004.

  IX. Lifestyle

  Long Attention Spanners

  The figure on annual infomercial sales comes from John Larson, “From the Inside Out,” NBC News, September 15, 2006, accessed October 2006, at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14856571/.

  Data on marathons and triathlons come from the Running USA Web site, at http://www.runningusa.org/cgi/mar repts.pl; and Michael McCarthy, “Ford Joins Forces with Ironman for Tough Sell,” USA Today, May 19, 2005.

  Tennis declined from 12.6 million participants to 11.1 million participants between 1995 and 2005; see National Sporting Goods Association study at http://www.nsga.org/public/pages/index.cfm?pageid=153.

  The Atlantic Monthly circulation data are self-reported at http://www.theatlantic.com/about/atlfaqf.htm#circulation, as are the Foreign Affairs data at http://www.foreignaffairs.org/advertising/circ.

  Crossword puzzle data come from Leslie Mann, “Not Your Father’s Cr--sw-rd,” Chicago Tribune, June 25, 2006.

  Data on the Sudoku industry come from Martin Fackler, “Inside Japan’s Puzzle Palace,” New York Times, March 20, 2007.

  The insights on long novels and series fiction come from “Span of Attention,” HypertextNOW, accessed April 2006, at http://www.eastgate.com/HypertextNow/archives/Attention.html.

  In recent years, the State of the Union address has been watched by about 42 million people; see http://www.nielsonmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=a61ff63a16729010VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD. The last game of the World Series rarely gets more than 20 million viewers; see http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wstv.shtml

  Neglected Dads

  Data on children’s and women’s purchasing power can be found on the Free Press Web site, “Children’s Programming,” Free Press, http://www.freepress.net/issues/kidstv, accessed January 2007; and Girlpower Marketing Web site, http://www.girlpowermarketing.com/files/GP WEB Final.pdf, accessed January 2007; among other sources.

  The University of Michigan study is W. Jean Yeung et al., “Children’s Time with Fathers in Intact Families,” Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 63, February 2001, 136–54.

  The University of California Riverside study by sociologists Scott Coltrane and Michele Adams is based on data from the Child Development Supplement, Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), conducted at the Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. It was released in June 2003; the report can be accessed at http://www.eurekalert.org/pub releases/2003-06/uoc--wdc061003.php#.

  The University of Washington study by Dr. John Gottman, widely reported in the press, was first published in John Gottman, Why Marriages Succeed or Fail (Fireside, 1994).

  Native Language Speakers

  Thanks again to Sergio Bendixen for reviewing this chapter as well.

  The data on linguistically isolated households come from Hyon B. Shin with Rosalind Bruno, “Language Use and English-Speaking Ability: 2000,” U.S. Census Bureau, issued October 2003, accessed November 2006, at http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-29.pdf.

  The figures regarding residents who speak English “not at all” or with limited proficiency, as do the implications for limited English-speaking, come from http://www.us-english.org/inc/official/factsfigs.asp.

  Immigration data come generally from the Center for Immigration Studies, whose Web site was accessed November 2006, at http://www.cis.org/articles/2001/back101.html.

  Data on classes on English for speakers of other languages come from Eunice Moscoso, “Despite Concerns About Assimilation, Immigrants Learning English,” Cox News Service, August 24, 2006.

  Trend data on English proficiency of immigrants come from U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, “Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Foreign Born Population Who Entered the United States Before 1970” and “Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics for the Foreign Born Population Who Entered the United States 1990 to 2000.”

  The data on heads of linguistically isolated households, including both nativity and income, come from U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, “America Speaks: Selected Characteristics of Households by Linguistic Isolation for the United States,” accessed November 2006, at http://0-www.census.gov.mill1.sjlibrary.org/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/AmSpks.html.

  Data on Latino Americans’ attitudes toward English come from the Pew Hispanic Center, “Hispanic Attitudes Towards Learning English,” fact sheet published June 7, 2006.

  Hospitals’ challenges are described in Olga Pierce, “Hospitals Lack Language Plans,” UPI, October 13, 2006.

  Spanish success on the radio, as well as data on Latino purchasing power, are described in Hiram Soto, “Spanish-Language Radio Stations Are Rising to the Top,” Copley News Service, October 23, 2005.

  Information on the supply of English classes comes from Fernanda Santos, “Demand for English Lessons Outstrips Supply,” New York Times, February 27, 2007.

  Unisexuals

  Useful articles for this chapter included Paula Dohnal, “Floating Between Two Genders,” Wisconsin State Journal, October 10, 2005; Elizabeth Weil, “What If It’s (Sort of) a Boy and (Sort of) a Girl?,” New York Times, September 24, 2006; Patricia Leigh Brown, “Supporting Boys or Girls When the Line Isn’t Clear,” New York Times, December 2, 2006; Jenna Russell, “Finding a Gender Blind Dorm,” Boston Globe, July 27, 2003; Alyson Ward, “Transcending Gender,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, August 24, 2005; Kelly Pate Dwyer, “An Employee, Hired as a Man, Becomes a Woman. Now What?,” New York Times, July 31, 2005; Bonnie Miller Rubin, “Transgender Movement Emerging from the Shadows,” Chicago Tribune, April 3, 2006; and Chris Rovzar, “Dude Looks Like a Lady,” New York Daily News, July 23, 2006.

  The Pulitzer Prize–winning novel is Jeffrey Eugenides, Middlesex (Picador, 2002).

  For more on the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, see their Web site at http://www.wpath.org/.

  The data on college and university policies come from Gender Public Advocacy Coalition, “2006 Genius Index: Gender Equality National Index for Universities and Schools,” 2006.

  The data on state policy come from Transgender Law and Policy Institute, whose Web site is http://www.transgenderlaw.org. The situation in New York City was reported at Damien Cave, “City Drops Plan to Change Definition of Gender,” New York Times, December 6, 2006.

  X. Money and Class

  Second-Home Buyers

  The term “Splitters,” as far as we know, was coined by WCI Communities, Inc., a homebuilder with communities in Florida, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia.

  The data regarding second-home sales and buyers come from Paul C. Bishop, Ph.D., Shonda D. Hightower, and Harika Bickicioglu, “2006 National Association of Realtors® Profile of Second-Home Owners”; and the National Association of Realtors’ “Profile of Second-Home Buyers,” 2005.

  The 2005 survey of two-home owners was conducted online by Analytical One Research Services for WCI, Inc. According to their methodology summary, it included 408 respondents who qualified as Splitters, out of a total of 1,743 respondents.

  Modern Mary Poppinses

  Useful articles for this trend included Heidi Knapp Rinella, “Minding the Children: Like One of the Family—Demand for Nannies in American Homes Has Sharply Increased,” Las Vegas Review-Journal, March 15, 2005; Davis Bushnell, “Demand for Nannies on Upswing in Greater Boston,” Boston Globe, March 13, 2005; and Tracey Middlekauff, “Nannies,” Gotham Gazette, October 27, 2003.

  Data on Moms in the workforce come from “Employment Status of Women by Presence of Child and Age of Youngest Child, March 1975–2005,” Annual Social and Economic Supplement, Current Population Survey, Bureau of Labor Statistics.

  Comparative salary data come from the Web site of the International Nanny Association, accessible at http://www.nanny.org/images/2006SalarySurvey/index 2.htm; and the Annual Demographic Survey, a joint project between the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census, accessed April 2007, at http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new04 019.htm.

  For more on career growth in nanny work, see Ralph Gardner, Jr., “Taking Superparents in Hand,” New York Times, June 16, 2005.

  The cited book is Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus, The Nanny Diaries (St. Martin’s, 2002).

  For more on the need for paid caregivers, see 2005 White House Conference on Aging “Annotated Agenda, Final—November 3, 2005,” accessed September 2006, at http://www.whcoa.gov/about/policy/meetings.annotated agenda.pdf.

  Shy Millionaires

  The data on skewed perceptions of millionaires come from a study conducted by Catherine Montalto, sponsored by Consumer Federation of America and Providian Financial; see 2001 press release, at http://www.americasaves.org/downloads/www.americasaves.org/PressReleases/07.16.01.pdf.

  Thomas J. Stanley and William D. Danko, The Millionaire Next Door: The Surprising Secrets of America’s Wealthy (Longstreet, 1996), was very helpful to this chapter.

  The annual Phoenix/Harris Interactive Wealth Survey consisted of 1,496 interviews conducted online by Harris Interactive between March 25 and April 9, 2003, with U.S. adults aged 18 years and over who were financial decision-makers for households with a net worth of $1 million or more, minus any debt and excluding primary residence.

  For more on the estate tax, see Stephen Moore and Arthur B. Laffer, “The American Dream Tax,” June 14, 2006.

  Bourgeois and Bankrupt

  Bankruptcy trend data come largely from Thomas A. Garrett, “The Rise in Personal Bankruptcies,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Review, Vol. 89, No. 1, January 2007/February 2007; and the American Bankruptcy Institute, whose Web site was accessed January 2007, at http://www.abiworld.org/AM/AMTemplate.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=35631&TEMP LATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm.

  Professor Warren’s book is Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Parents Are Going Broke (Basic Books, 2003). Much of the data and anecdotes come from this book and Professor Warren’s other articles, including David U. Himmelstein, Elizabeth Warren, Deborah Thorne, and Steffie Woolhandler, “MarketWatch: Illness and Injury as Contributors to Bankruptcy,” Health Affairs, February 2, 2005.

  Other articles useful to this chapter included Christine Dugas, “American Seniors Rack Up Debt like Never Before,” USA Today, April 24, 2002; and Mindy Fetterman and Barbara Hansen, “Young People Struggle to Deal with Kiss of Debt,” USA Today, November 22, 2006.

  For more on the bankruptcy stigma, see Kartik Athreya, “Shame As It Ever Was: Stigma and Personal Bankruptcy,” Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Economic Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2, Spring 2004. The information on bankruptees’ depression is cited at http://www.bankruptcylawinformation.com/index.cfm?event=dspStats.

  The “capitalism without bankruptcy” quotation, attributed to Frank Borman, former CEO of Eastern Air Lines, was cited in Liz Pulliam Weston, “Why Going Broke Is a Fact of Life in America,” accessed January 2007, at http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/specials/P87467.asp?special/bankrupt.

  Non-Profiteers

  Growth statistics on the nonprofit, for-profit, and government sectors come from the Independent Sector, Nonprofit Almanac: Facts and Findings, “Employment in the Nonprofit Sector,” 2001, accessed at http://www.independentsector.org/PDFs/npemployment.pdf.

  Data on the superrich come from “The Business of Giving,” The Economist, February 26, 2006.

  Data on foundation growth come from the United States Nonprofit Sector, National Council of Nonprofit Associations, 2006, accessed January 2007, at http://www.nonprofitcongress.org/sites/nonprofitcongress.org/files/theme editor/npcongress/us sector report.pdf. Data on growth of nonprofit organizations come from Thomas H. Pollak and Amy Blackwood, “The Nonprofit Sector in Brief: Facts and Figures from the Nonprofit Almanac 2007,” Urban Institute, 2006, accessed January 2007, at http://www.urban.org/publications/311373.html.

  Data on nonprofit entry-level salaries come from R. Patrick Halpern, “Workforce Issues in the Nonprofit Sector: Generational Leadership Change and Diversity,” American Humanics: Initiative for Nonprofit Sector Careers, May 2006 (hereafter “Humanics Study”, accessed January 2007, at http://www.humanics.org/atf/cf/%7BE02C99B2-B9B8-4887-9A15-C9E973FD5616%7D/American%20Humanics%20Workforce%20Literature%20Review%20and%20Bibliography%204-26-06.pdf. The Pennsylvania study was cited in Bob Fernandez and Patricia Horn, “Nonprofits’ Job Engine Transforms PA Economy,” Philadelphia Inquirer, August 28, 2005.

  Data on nonprofit executive salaries come from Noelle Barton, Maria Di Mento, and Alvin P. Sanoff, “Top Nonprofit Executives See Healthy Pay Raises,” Philanthropy.com, September 28, 2006, accessed January 2007, at http://www.philanthropy.com/free/articles/v18/i24/24003901.htm.

  Survey data on the need to rein in corporations come from David W. Moore, “Little Political Fallout from Business Scandals,” Gallup News Service, July 8, 2002, accessed January 2007, at http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=6340&pg=1.

  Survey data on Americans’ trust in government come from Jeffrey Jones, “Trust in Government Declining, Near Lows for the Past Decade,” Gallup News Service, September 26, 2006; accessed January 2007, at http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=24706&pg=1.

  Useful articles on social entrepreneurship include Emily Eakin, “How to Save the World? Treat It like a Business,” New York Times, December 20, 2003; and Nicholas Kristof, “Do-Gooders with Spreadsheets,” New York Times, January 30, 2007. See also David Bornstein, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurship and the Power of New Ideas (Oxford University Press, 2004).

  Data on generational regard for nonprofits come from Harris Poll No. 33, April 27, 2006, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris poll/index.asp?PID=657.

  Data on women in nonprofits, as well as on nonprofit employee turnover, come from Humanics Study, cited above.

  Jim Collins, Good to Great and the Social Sectors: A Monograph to Accompany Good to Great (HarperCollins 2005).

  XI. Looks and Fashion

  Uptown Tattooed

  The 2003 Harris poll is summarized by Joy Sever, Ph.D., at “A Third of Americans with Tattoos Say They Make Them Feel More Sexy,” October 8, 2003, accessed October 2006, at http://www.harrisinteractive.com/news/allnewsbydate.asp?NewsID=691. The full poll is accessible at http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris poll/index.asp?PID=407.

  The AAD study was reported by Andrew Bridges, “Survey: 24 Percent Between 18–50 Tattooed,” Associated Press, June 10, 2006.

  The Canadian study is Health Canada, “Special Report on Youth, Piercing, Tattooing and Hepatitis C Trendscan Findings,” March 2001.

  For more on celebrity tattoos, see http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/celebrity tattoos.htm or http://www.celebritytattoos.org/.

  The George Shultz rumor is reported in a Hoover Institute interview with the former secretary of state at http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/5956876.html, among other places.

  For more on military policy regarding tattoos, see Katie Zezima, “Yes, the Military Needs Bodies, but Hold the Bodywork,” New York Times, December 3, 2005; and J. D. Leipold, “Army Changes Tattoo Policy,” Army News Service, March 18, 2006.

  For more on the body as billboard, see Frank Eltman, “Your Ad Permanently Tattooed Here, There, and Everywhere on New York Man’s Body,” Associated Press, January 29, 2005; and Melanie Wells, “Hey, Is That an Advertisement on Your Arm?,” USA Today, July 23, 1999.

  Another useful article was David Brooks, “Nonconformity Is Skin Deep,” New York Times, August 27, 2006.