17. Sharon L. Jansen, Dangerous Talk and Strange Behaviour: Women and Popular Resistance to the Reforms of Henry VIII, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996, p. 6

  18. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 2677

  19. Robert Hutchinson, The Last Days of Henry VIII: Conspiracies, Treason and Heresy at the Court of the Dying Tyrant, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005, pp. 172–3

  20. Norton, The Lives of Tudor Women, loc 4273

  21. Ibid., loc 4282

  22. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 407

  23. Mary Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, Routledge, 2016, pp. 112–17

  24. All the following are from John Foxe: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, or the Acts and Monuments of the Christian Church; Being a Complete History of the Lives, Sufferings, and Deaths of the Christian Martyrs, Jas B. Smith & Co., 1856

  25. John Morris (ed.), ‘Mr John Mush’s Life of Margaret Clitherow’, The Troubles of Our Catholic Forefathers related by Themselves, 1877, pp. 333–440

  26. ‘Margaret Ward’ in David Hugh Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 5th edn, Oxford University Press, 2011

  27. Gerelyn Hollingsworth, National Catholic Reporter, 26 February 2010

  28. Cecil Roth, A History of the Marranos, Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932, p. 257

  29. Barbara Bowen, ‘Aemilia Lanyer and the Invention of White Womanhood’, in Susan Frye and Karen Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens: Women’s Alliances in Early Modern England, Oxford University Press, 1999

  30. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 413

  31. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 4251

  32. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, pp. 97 and 105

  33. Ibid., p. 124

  34. James Kelly, ‘17th-century Nuns on the Run’, History Extra, 20 March 2012 (online)

  35. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 384

  36. Lowell Gallagher, ‘Mary Ward’s “Jesuitresses" and the Construction of a Typological Community’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  37. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 4243

  38. Roger Hayden, ‘Dorothy Hazzard’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

  39. Bernard Capp, When Gossips Meet: Women, Family, and Neighbourhood in Early Modern England, Oxford University Press, 2003, loc 337

  40. Sara Heller Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women: Three Studies, Harvester Press, 1987, p. 106

  41. Ibid., p. 107

  42. Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 96

  43. John Wycliffe, Bible, 1382

  44. WYC, 1 Peter 3:7, Bible Gateway (online)

  45. Ibid.

  46. William Tyndale, New Testament, 1525

  47. TYN, 1 Peter 3:7, Bible Gateway (online)

  48. Anthony Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, Yale University Press, 1995, p. 74

  49. Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 41

  50. ‘A Homilie of the State of Matrimony’, in The Second Tome of Homilies, Edward Allde, 1595

  51. Ibid.

  52. Ibid.

  53. Ibid.

  54. Ibid.

  55. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 297

  56. Ibid., p. 89

  57. Mark Searle and Kenneth Stevenson, Documents of the Marriage Liturgy, Liturgical Press, 1992, p. 166

  58. Robert Burton, Anatomy of Melancolie, 1621, quoted by Lisa Picard, Restoration London: Everyday Life in the 1660s, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997, loc 3424

  59. Anger in Mary Prior (ed.), Women in English Society, 1500–1800, p. 172

  60. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 41

  61. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 70

  62. John Knox, The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women, 1558

  63. Clarck Drieshen, ‘Lady Jane Grey’s Letters from the Tower of London’, Medieval Manuscripts blog, British Library (online)

  64. Leah S. Marcus, Janet Mueller and Mary Beth Rose (eds), Elizabeth I: Collected Works, University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 97

  65. Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud, Harvard University Press, 1990, loc 2331

  66. Retha Warnicke, Wicked Women of England, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 5

  67. Ian Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, Bodley Head, 2012, loc 889

  68. A.D. Innes, A History of the British Nation, TC and EC Jack, 1912

  69. Polydore Vergil, Three Books of Polydore Vergil, ed. Henry Ellis, Camden Society, 1844, p. 71

  70. Barbara J. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550: Marriage and Family, Property and Careers, Oxford University Press, 2002, loc 410

  71. John Smyth, The Berkeley Manuscripts 1066–1618, Volume II, 1883, p. 253. Translation cited by Jorge Castell, Tudor Place (online)

  72. Ascham to Sturm, 1550, in Rev. Dr Giles (ed.), The Whole Works of Roger Ascham, John Russell Smith, 1865, Vol. 1, p. xiii

  73. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 2872

  74. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 185

  75. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 24

  76. Judith M. Bennett and Shannon McSheffrey, ‘Early, Erotic and Alien: Women Dressed as Men in Late Medieval London’, History Workshop Journal, Spring 2014, No. 77, pp. 1–25

  77. Mary Wack, ‘Women, Work and Plays in an English Medieval Town’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  78. Sandra Clark, ‘“Hic Mulier”, “Haec Vir”, and the Controversy over Masculine Women’, Studies in Philology, Vol. 82, No. 2, Spring 1985, pp. 153–83

  79. Ibid.

  80. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 23

  81. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 4463

  82. All the following are from Bennett and McSheffrey, ‘Early, Erotic and Alien’

  83. Donal Ó Danachair (ed.), The Newgate Calendar, Ex-classics Project, 2009, Vol. 1, p. 130

  84. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 85

  85. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 4461

  86. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 57

  87. Maayan Sudai, ‘Sex Ambiguity in Early Modern Common Law (1629–1787)’, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 47, No. 2, 2022, pp. 478–513

  88. Ronald Trumbach, ‘London’s Sapphists’, in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds), Bodyguards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, Routledge, 1991, p. 120

  89. Susan D. Amussen and David E. Underdown, Gender, Culture and Politics in England 1560–1640: Turning the World Upside Down, Bloomsbury, 2017, p. 11

  90. Tracy Borman, ‘Anne of Denmark: A Killer Queen’, History Extra, 11 August 2021

  91. Amussen and Underdown, Gender, Culture and Politics in England 1560–1640, p. 58

  92. Borman, ‘Anne of Denmark’

  93. Amussen and Underdown, Gender, Culture and Politics in England 1560–1640, pp. 50 and 59

  94. Lisa Gim, ‘“Fair Eliza’s Chaine”: Two Female Writers’ Literary Links to Queen Elizabeth I’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  95. Gallagher, ‘Mary Ward’s “Jesuitresses” and the Construction of a Typological Community’

  96. Diane Dugaw, Warrior Women and Popular Balladry, 1650–1850, Chicago Press, 1989, p. 1

  97. Mark Stoyle, ‘“Give mee a Souldier’s Coat”: Female Cross–Dressing during the English Civil War’, History, Vol. 103, Issue 354, January 2018, pp. 5–26

  98. Kelly Faircloth, ‘Searching for the Fighting Women of the English Civil War’, Jezebel, 3 April 2018

  99. Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil War, 1638–1651, Routledge, 1994, p. 307

  100. Rodney Legg, The Book of Lyme Regis: The Story of Dorset’s Western Spa, Halsgrove 2003, p. 38

  101. J.F. Nicholls and John Taylor, Bristol Past and Present, J.W. Arrowsmith, 1882

  102. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3708

  103. Ibid., loc 3710

  104. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 78

  105. Ibid., p. 77

  106. Carlton, Going to the Wars, p. 178

  107. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 78

  108. Ibid.

  109. Carlton, Going to the Wars, pp. 178 and 309

  110. Ibid., p. 110

  111. Ibid.

  112. Ibid., p. 296

  113. Ibid., pp. 296–7

  114. Ibid., p. 110

  115. All the following are taken from: Nadine Akkerman, Invisible Agents: Women and Espionage in Seventeenth-Century Britain, Oxford University Press, 2018

  116. Tammy M. Proctor, Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War, New York University Press, 2003, p. 16

  117. Peter Rushton and Gwenda Morgan, Banishment in the Early Atlantic World: Convicts Rebels and Slaves, Bloomsbury, 2013, p. 12

  118. Sara Mendelson and Patricia Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, Clarendon Press, 1998, p. 189 and p. 39

  119. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 48

  120. Ann Rosalind Jones, ‘Maidservants of London: Sisterhoods of Kinship and Labour’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  121. Patrick Wallis, ‘Apprenticeship in England’, in Prak and Wallis (eds), Apprenticeships in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 2019, pp. 247–81

  122. Judith M. Bennett and Amy M. Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990, p. 241

  123. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 132; Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 241

  124. Bennett and Froide, Singlewomen in the European Past, 1250–1800, p. 241

  125. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 273

  126. Ibid.

  127. Ibid.

  128. Anne-Marie Kilday, ‘The Archetype of Infanticide in the Early Modern Period’, A History of Infanticide in Britain c. 1600 to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013; Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, pp. 274 and 276

  129. Alison Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women: Correspondence of Joan and Mariah Thynne 1575–1611, Wiltshire Record Society, Devizes, 1983, p. 19

  130. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 42

  131. Richard Harvey, ‘English Pre-Industrial Ballads on Poverty, 1500–1700’, The Historian, Vol. 46, No. 4, August 1984, pp. 539–61, p. 553

  132. Ibid., p. 559

  133. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 44

  134. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 2342/2347

  135. Ibid., p. 11

  136. Rebecca Frances King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800: Trials, Narratives and the Question of Consent’, Durham theses, 1998, Durham University

  137. Helen Barker, Rape in Early Modern England: Law, History and Criticism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021, loc 1623

  138. King, ‘Rape in England 1600–1800’

  139. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3050

  140. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 910

  141. Ibid., loc 1721

  142. John Frith, ‘Syphilis – Its Early History and Treatment until Penicillin and the Debate on Its Origins’, Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2012, pp. 49–58

  143. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 77

  144. Sauer, Gender in Medieval Culture, loc 925

  145. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2811

  146. Harvey, The Fires of Lust, loc 3487 and 3536

  147. Richard Harvey, ‘The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women’, Exemplaria, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 1993, pp. 409–33

  148. Miranda Kaufmann, Black Tudors, Oneworld, 2017, pp. 220–1

  149. Ibid., pp. 15–16

  150. Peter Fryer, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, Pluto Press, 1984, p. 8

  151. Michael Wood, ‘Britain’s First Black Community in Elizabethan Britain’, BBC News, 20 July 2012

  152. Fryer, Staying Power, p. 8

  153. Ibid.

  154. Kaufmann, Black Tudors, p. 312

  155. Ibid., p. 203

  156. Ibid., p. 302

  157. American Society of Human Genetics, ‘ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy’, American Journal of Human Genetics, 1 November 2018, p. 636

  158. Bowen, ‘Aemilia Lanyer and the Invention of White Womanhood’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  159. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 3380/3387

  160. Robert Titler, ‘The Feminine Dynamic in Tudor Art: A Reassessment’, British Art Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, Spring 2016, pp. 122–30, p. 125

  161. ‘A Woman, Presumed to Be a Self-Portrait of Susannah-Penelope Rosse’, in John Murdoch, Seventeenth-Century English Miniatures in the Collection of the Victoria & Albert Museum, The Stationery Office in association with the V&A, 1997

  162. Titler, ‘The Feminine Dynamic in Tudor Art’, p. 122

  163. Ibid., p. 124

  164. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 3468 and 3469

  165. C.I. Merton, Women Who Served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth: Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids of the Privy Chamber 1553–1603, thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992

  166. Elizabeth A. Brown, ‘“Companion Me with My Mistress”: Cleopatra, Elizabeth I and Their Waiting Women’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  167. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 3419

  168. Sarah Laskow, ‘A Machine that Made Stockings Helped Kick Off the Industrial Revolution’, Atlas Obscura, 19 September 2017 (online)

  169. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 1918

  170. ‘Sale of a Lyme Ship’, Lyme Regis Museum display board, Lyme Regis visit August 2021

  171. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 150–75

  172. Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women, p. 14

  173. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 150

  174. Mary Lovell, Bess of Hardwick: First Lady of Chatsworth, Little, Brown, 2005

  175. Heather Delonette, ‘Did the Civil War and Its Aftermath to 1660 Offer Any Lasting New Opportunities to Women?’, Cromwell Association (online), 2001

  176. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 51

  177. Warnicke, Wicked Women of England, p. 3

  178. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 4093

  179. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 58

  180. Picard, Restoration London, loc 3585

  181. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, p. 61

  182. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2779

  183. Hanawalt, The Ties that Bound, p. 151

  184. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, p. 153

  185. Gowing, Gender Relations in Early Modern England, p. 53

  186. Mendelson and Crawford, Women in Early Modern England 1550–1720, p. 50

  187. Capp, When Gossips Meet, loc 3805

  188. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 2615

  189. Wack, ‘Women, Work and Plays in an English Medieval Town’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  190. David Kathman, ‘Alice Layston and the Cross Keys’, Medieval & Renaissance Drama in England, Vol. 22, 2009, p. 144

  191. Callan Davies, ‘Engendering Before Shakespeare: Women and Early English Playhouse Ownership’, Engendering the Stage (online)

  192. Andrew Gurr, The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 3rd edition, pp. 142 and 45

  193. Jones, ‘Maidservants of London’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  194. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 6061 and 5990

  195. Leyser, Medieval Women, loc 4415

  196. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 2025 and 1356

  197. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 424–447, 531–535

  198. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 6880 and 1356

  199. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, p. 55

  200. Gim, ‘“Faire Eliza’s Chaine”’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  201. William J. Thoms (ed.), Anecdotes and Traditions: Illustrative of Early English History and Literature, Nichols and Sons, 1839, p. 125

  202. Edward Rothstein, ‘Authors in Rooms of Their Own’, New York Times, 23 February 2012

  203. Joanna Moody (ed.), The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599–1605, Sutton Publishing, 1998, p. xvii

  204. Harris, English Aristocratic Women 1450–1550, loc 1502 and 499

  205. Wall (ed.), Two Elizabethan Women, p. 2

  206. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 1183–1202

  207. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800, p. 366

  208. Moody (ed.), The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady

  209. Simon Harcourt’s letter to Lady Harcourt, 3 January 1641, in Edward Harcourt (ed.), The Harcourt Papers, James Parker & Co, 1876, p. 147

  210. Bowen, ‘Aemilia Lanyer and the Invention of White Womanhood’, in Frye and Robertson (eds), Maids and Mistresses, Cousins and Queens

  211. Hufton, The Prospect Before Her, pp. 431 and 414

  212. Mendelson, The Mental World of Stuart Women, p. 35

  213. Ibid., p. 30

  214. Miss Evelyn Fox, ‘The Diary of an Elizabethan Gentlewoman’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 2 (1908), pp. 153–74, p. 163

  215. Norton, The Hidden Lives of Tudor Women, loc 5832

  216. McIntosh, Working Women in English Society 1300–1620, p. 80

  217. Mortimer, The Time Traveller’s Guide to Elizabethan England, loc 1244

  218. Ian Mortimer, The Dying and the Doctors: The Medical Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England, Boydell Press, 2009, p. 124