Dworkin, Andrea, 578

  Easton, Nellie, 453

  economy: in Norman England, 9–10, 17; women’s domestic production, 9–10, 11, 17; move from barter to coin, 9, 10, 80–1, 163; impact of Black Death, 68–9, 82; during ‘Wars of the Roses,’ 103; ‘science’ of political economy, 310–13; post-Great War recession, 417; Great Depression, 478–80; post-WW2 boom, 502; financial crisis of mid-1970s, 525; boom period of the 1990s, 526

  Edinburgh, University of, 459, 466–7

  Edith (Anglo-Saxon Queen), 5

  Edith Swan Neck, 6–8

  education: church/convent schools, 1, 37, 457; and abbeys/convents, 15–16, 36, 111, 121, 228, 457; female teachers/educationalists, 15–16, 36–7, 80, 103, 111, 228, 456–7, 495; of women in medieval period, 15–16, 36–8, 80, 111; female philanthropy, 36, 37, 80, 103, 104; in property law, 80, 166; Statute of Artificers (1406), 80; rising female literacy in sixteenth-century, 165–6, 168–9; of upper-class girls, 165, 166–7, 329; Bathsua Makin’s theories, 167; of women under the Stuarts, 167; for girls of middling class, 168, 228, 329, 456; of lower-class pupils in Tudor era, 168; governesses, 226, 456–7; of girls in post-Restoration century, 228–9, 243; ‘Dissenting Academies’ emerge, 228; girls’ schools in post-Restoration London, 228; teaching of free African children, 306; of poor girls in 1800s, 329, 456; and Queen Victoria’s daughters, 443–4; teacher-training, 456–7; Education Act (1870), 456; sport/physical education, 456; women’s roles expand after Great War, 475; Education Act (1980), 531 see also scholarship and learning; university education

  Edward the Confessor, 5, 36

  Edward I, King, 28, 43, 44, 47, 48

  Edward II, King, 23, 36, 47, 48

  Edward III, King, 14, 23, 47, 101

  Edward IV, King, 101–2, 105–6, 107

  Edward VI, King, 111, 115, 129

  Edwards, Mary, 254–6

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, 23, 43, 48, 64, 65

  Eleanor of Castile, 28, 48

  Eleanor of Provence, 28

  Eliot, George, 380

  Elizabeth I, Queen, 112, 124, 129–30, 155, 166, 174, 255; as Protestant, 115–16, 119, 120–1, 125; and manly qualities, 131, 132, 139, 578; speech at Tilbury (1588), 131; privy chamber of, 158–9

  Elizabeth II, Queen, 528, 529

  Elizabeth of York, 102, 104

  Ellis, Ann, 410–11

  Ellis, Havelock, 423–4, 436–7, 441, 488

  Ellis, Ruth, 504

  Ellis, Sarah Stickney, 308, 340, 367

  Elstob, Elizabeth, 229

  Empire Windrush, 502, 539–40

  English Women’s Journal, 391, 432

  Enlightenment, 213–16, 229, 237, 247, 332

  environmental politics, 534

  Equiano, Olaudah, 305

  Etchingham, Church of St Nicholas and St Mary at, 89, 90

  eugenics, 429

  Euphemia, abbess of Wherwell, 15

  Eure, Margaret, 144

  Evelyn, Mary, 170

  Everard, Sarah, 537

  Exeter, 12, 35, 41, 171, 182, 194, 283, 345

  factory system: move to in textile industry, 233, 315, 316, 352–3; nineteenth century, 312–13, 315, 316, 319, 349, 352–3; ‘Plug Riots’ (1842), 349; invention of the assembly line, 484

  Fairfax, Thomas, 136, 141

  Faithfull, Emily, 434–5

  falconry, 37

  Fanshawe, Lady Ann, 144

  Faraday, Michael, 397

  fascism, British, 480–2

  Fausto-Sterling, Anne, 554, 568

  Fawcett, Millicent, 402, 406

  Fell, Margaret, 180

  feminist thinking: in 1660s, 244; ‘Ladies of Langham Place,’ 391–3, 432, 435; women as an identifiable group with shared needs, 391–3, 396, 398–402; campaigns over Victorian marriage laws, 391, 392–3, 396; campaigns in later 1800s, 401–2, 565; opposition to condoms, 428–9; late Victorian/Edwardian, 431, 432; and sapphism/lesbianism, 435, 436; and Great War, 462–3; in inter-war era, 471, 478; from 1960s, 532, 537, 538, 539; and greater sexual freedom for women, 542; and lesbianism, 545–6

  fencing (sport), 544

  Fenland drainage schemes, 193, 210

  Ferdinand of Aragon, 115

  Ferrour, Johanna, 73, 74

  Fielding, Henry, 252, 262, 266–7

  Fiennes, Celia, 225

  Filmer, Lady, 144

  First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY), 4, 463–4, 465, 492

  First World War, 407, 416, 417, 427, 431, 439, 461–6; women in factories/agriculture during, 465–6, 467–71, 566; purging of ‘difference’/’aliens’ during, 466–7; conscription introduced (1916), 467–8; women workers replaced by returning men, 470–1, 472–3; health quality of enlisted men, 483

  fishing ‘rights,’ 209

  FitzOsbern, William, 8

  Flather, Shreela, 536

  flowersellers, 319–20

  folklore traditions: medieval wise women, 39, 40–1, 59, 171–3; ‘cunning women,’ 40, 83, 171–3; medicine, 40, 83, 171–3; as heresy/sin under Reformation, 83; marriages and divorces, 84–5, 201, 203, 256, 372; and abortion, 287, 428, 485, 542; of women warriors, 576

  Fontenelle Abbey, 14

  food production/supply: food riots, 2, 187–93, 210–11, 212, 345–8, 349, 352, 579; impact of enclosure, 2, 187–90, 210–11, 320–1; as work of women, 9–11, 24, 30, 35, 37–8, 70, 186, 187–91, 221, 224; and move from barter to coin, 9, 10, 163; impact of forest law, 10–11; bakery trade, 10, 13, 33, 81; harvesting, gathering and gleaning, 11, 189, 207–8; in medieval towns, 17, 80; women inspectors, 25, 33; butchery trade, 35, 224; women in Tudor food industries, 163–4; and female apprentices, 182; food shipped from hungry areas, 191–3, 345, 346, 347; impact of post-Restoration land-grab, 207–11; invention of fishing ‘rights,’ 209; in post-Restoration century, 224, 232–3; cheese and butter-making, 321; Corn Law (1815), 345; and Second World War, 494, 496, 501, 533

  football, 181, 245, 247, 451–3, 456, 543–4

  Forbes-Sempill, Elizabeth, 551

  Forest Charter (1217), 11

  forests/woodland, 10–11, 13, 31, 67, 187, 188–90, 207

  Fornham, Battle of (1173), 44

  Foster, Lady Elizabeth, 380, 382

  Fountains Abbey, 121

  Fowey, Cornwall, 102, 144

  Fox, George, 180

  Foxe, John, 117, 123

  fox-hunting, 208–9, 449–50

  France, Marie de, 65

  Franklin, Benjamin, 344

  Franklin, Rosalind, 524

  French Revolution, 353

  friendly societies, 352

  Frith, Mary, 137–8

  Fry, Elizabeth, 385

  Galen, Aurelius, 63, 562

  Gamen, Katherine, 73–4

  gardeners, 15, 24, 79, 111

  Gardner, Maureen, 543

  Garrett Anderson, Elizabeth, 459

  Garthwaite, Anna Maria, 223, 226, 234, 259

  Garvey, Amy Ashwood, 536

  Gauder, Emma de, 12, 48

  Gaunt, Elizabeth, 218

  Gaunt, John of, 73, 74

  Gay, John, 385

  Gemini, Thomas, 574

  General Strike (1926), 417–20, 478–9

  Gentleman’s Magazine, 243, 255, 347, 386

  George, Dorothy, 314

  George IV, King, 341

  Gilbert of Sempringham, 36

  Gillick, Victoria, 538–9

  gin, 285

  Girton College, Cambridge, 391, 457

  Gladstone, William, 433

  Glanvill, Joseph, 214

  Globe Theatre, Southwark, 164–5

  Gloucester, Eleanor, Duchess of, 81

  Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 75, 76

  Godstow Abbey, 16

  Goethe, Johann, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), 288

  Goldsmith, Oliver, The Deserted Village, 208

  golf, 446, 448–9

  gonorrhoea, 400

  Gordon, Alexander, 330

  Gordon, Lady Helen Cumming, 382

  ‘Gordon Riots’ (1780), 349–52

  Gournay-en-Bray, Gerard of, 48

  Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 315

  Great Depression, 478–80

  Great Fire (1666), 217

  Great Pestilence (Black Death, 1348), 41, 67–71, 78; collapse of feudal system after, 68–9, 76, 82; male pushback against changes after, 71–2, 82–3, 87–8, 563, 571; women blamed for, 72, 83; failure of folk medicine to protect against, 83

  Greece, ancient, 21, 54, 63, 131, 157, 253, 298, 332, 552, 562, 569

  Greenham Women’s Peace campaign, 534–5

  Greg, W.R., 377, 421, 456

  Gregory, Dr John, 229

  Gretna Green, 251, 371

  Grey, Lady Jane, 119, 129, 130, 166

  Grosseteste, Bishop Robert, 24

  Grosvenor family, 8

  Grunwick dispute, 534

  guilds, 2, 18–19, 20–1, 35, 70, 78, 88, 164; and female entrepreneurs, 19, 20, 35, 38–9, 78–9, 104, 222; local guilds in London, 20–1; exclusion of professional women, 83, 172–3, 230, 232, 253; moves to exclude women, 83, 172–3, 181–3, 230, 232, 233–6, 253, 313, 314, 563, 571–2; Elizabethan regulation of, 148, 181; Weavers’ Company, 223–4, 234; master weavers, 234; Mercers’ Company, 235; Tailors’ Guild, 235, 316; opposition to ‘slop work,’ 316 see also apprenticeships

  Gulliver, Anne, 158

  Gunnell, Sally, 543

  Gunnhildr (daughter of King Harold), 8

  ‘Guy of Warwick’ (medieval romance), 36–7

  Gwynn, Nell, 155, 243

  gymnastics, 453, 456

  ‘gypsies,’ 147, 298

  Gytha (mother of King Harold), 12

  Hainault, Jacqueline of, 75

  Halkett, Anne, 145

  Hall, Emily, 394

  Hall, G. Stanley, 421

  Hall, Thomasina, 138

  Hamilton, Lord Anne, 255–6

  Hamilton, Emma, 380

  Hampcok, Joan, 73

  Hands, Elizabeth, 258

  Hanoum, Sadika, 458

  Hanselmann, Nicole, 569

  Harcourt, Lady Anne, 204

  Hardwick Hall, 161

  Hargreaves, James, 233

  Harley, Lady Brilliana, 143

  Harold Godwinson, King, 5, 6, 7–8

  Hawis, Lady, 44

  Hays, Matilda, 433

  Haywood, Eliza, 244

  health and medicine: and abbeys/convents, 13, 15; sanitation, 14, 18, 35, 81, 330, 331, 397; bacterial infections, 18, 286, 330–1, 397, 428, 487; plague years, 18, 286 see also Great Pestilence (Black Death, 1348); public bathrooms, 35, 81; female physicians in medieval era, 38–9; herbalism, 38, 39, 59, 83, 111, 166, 169, 170, 173, 287; nursing, 39–40, 171, 230, 286, 299–301, 439, 444, 462–4, 475, 492; gynaecology and obstetrics, 39, 170, 173, 425–6, 574–5; women traditional healers/’wise women,’ 39, 40–1, 59, 83, 171–3; sexually transmitted diseases, 41, 153–4, 286, 344, 364, 377, 398–400, 564, 565; ignorance over conception/pregnancy/birth, 54, 285, 287, 288–9, 441; diseases blamed on women, 72, 83, 153–4, 399, 565; exclusion of professional women, 83, 172–3, 230, 286–7, 326, 475–6; Reformation closure of religious houses, 147; and women in Tudor/Stuart age, 170–1; Physicians’ and Surgeons’ guilds, 173; class-based medical judgements on women, 248, 253, 262, 310, 333, 334, 336, 427; ‘love-sickness’ as male disorder, 287, 288; ‘greensickness’ in eighteenth-century, 288; and Romantic sensibility, 288, 424–5; cholera epidemics, 331, 397; elite women’s lives making them sick, 367–8, 422–4; Victorian campaigns to prevent disease, 397–8, 565; first public health laws (1840s), 397; ‘germ theory,’ 397; ‘great stink’ in London (1858), 397; tapeworms and poison for weight-loss, 422; mental health of elite women in 1800s, 425–7; male ‘hysteria’ labelled ‘neurasthenia,’ 427; free school meals, 428; campaign for women’s medical training, 458–9; Medical Act (1865), 459; women’s voluntary work in Great War, 462–4; and Great War munitions factories, 468–9; barring of women doctors after Great War, 475–6; elite women as professional nurses, 475; twenty-first century rise in suicides/eating disorders/self harm, 555, 561–2; wellness industry, 568; sexual inequality in today, 573–4; new drugs as tailored for men, 573

  Henrietta Maria, Queen, 140, 143, 194, 199

  Henry I, King, 14–15, 23

  Henry II, King, 23, 24, 39, 41, 43

  Henry III, King, 27, 32, 43, 46, 56

  Henry IV, King, 80

  Henry VI, King, 101

  Henry VII, King, 102, 171

  Henry VIII, King, 109, 114–15, 170–1; break with Rome, 110–12, 113, 114, 203

  Hercules, Felix, 473

  Hereward the Wake, 12

  Herschel, Caroline, 329

  Hertford, Frances Thynne, Countess of, 257

  Hervey, Mary, 80

  Hexstall, Margaret, 167

  Hexton, Hertfordshire, 134

  Heyhoe-Flint, Rachael, 543

  Heyrick, Elizabeth, 306

  Hickman, Rose, 120

  Hildegard of Bingen, 14, 59, 61

  Hill, Octavia, 433

  Hirschfeld, Magnus, 568

  historians: focused on men, 1–2, 577; Bede, 1, 61; first great histories of women, 3; medieval women historians, 3, 36; John Foxe, 117, 123; Victorian, 129

  historical chronicles/record: absence/scarcity of women in, 1–2, 3, 11–12, 44, 67–8, 73–6, 145, 546, 573, 577–8, 579; as histories of men by men, 1–2; early medieval, 1, 7, 56, 61, 72; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 7; military women ignored, 44, 103, 573; St Albans Chronicle, 56; Westminster Chronicle, 72; Knighton’s Leicester Chronicle, 91; absence of mother-daughter bond, 577

  HIV-AIDS, 549

  Hoby, Lady Margaret, 160–1, 167, 168, 174

  hockey, 447–8, 456, 544

  Hogarth, William, 255–6

  Holsewyther, Margaret, 157–8

  home working by women: domestic labour appears invisible/free, 9, 33, 163, 186–7, 209–10, 312, 323–4, 454–6, 460–1, 546, 572–3; and move from barter to coin, 9, 10, 163; preparing/finishing factory-made articles, 17, 31, 32, 316, 398; ‘putting out’/’piece-work’ system, 17, 32, 33, 312, 313, 315–16, 320, 413, 526; in textiles, 17, 31–3, 224, 233–4, 235–6, 314; supplemented by cash-earning work, 30, 31, 69, 186, 221–2; and move to spinning wheels, 32–3; after the Black Death, 69; retail selling from domestic homes, 233; spinning jenny invented, 233; hazardous raw materials, 316, 413; ‘slop work,’ 316, 526; increase of from 1970s, 526

  home/domestic sphere: caring for families/parents, 163, 209, 527, 572; work of running the home, 163, 186–7, 229–30, 323–4, 454–5, 460–1, 483; household management defined as leisure in 1700s, 229–30; and diaries of elite women, 241–2; elite/middle class women confined to from 1700s, 253, 306, 308, 319, 332, 340, 374–5, 395, 460–1; idealised elite woman/home, 253, 308, 332, 365, 368–9, 376, 441, 564; working class in 1800s, 343; and aspirational middle/lower-class families, 369, 397, 442; Victorian elevation of motherhood, 420–1, 443–5; housework in nineteenth-century censuses, 454–5; housework named as craft/science, 460–1, 483; twentieth-century equipment/mechanisation, 461, 483–4; and ‘new feminism’ after Great War, 471; women’s return to after Great War, 471, 472–3; traditional skills move to the factory, 483–4; motherhood in inter-war period, 483, 484; nostalgia for fantasy past in 1980s, 526–7, 530–1, 538, 567; with husband and wife both full-time workers, 527, 545, 572; middle class family in Thatcher era, 528, 529; and ‘problem families’ rhetoric, 530–1; and ‘attachment theory,’ 530; mothers coerced into permitting adoption, 531–2; in twenty-first century, 556 see also separate spheres, doctrine of

  homosexuality, 237, 238, 256, 261, 275, 361, 436, 438, 488; Section 28 law, 546–8; Wolfenden Committee, 546; archaeological findings, 576

  Honeyball, Nettie, 451, 451–2

  Hooke, Robert, 574

  Hopkins, Matthew (‘Witchfinder General’), 178–9

  Horenbout, Susanna, 157–8

  horse riding, 449–50, 543

  Hotot, Agnes, 91, 92

  housing, 397, 416–17, 424, 427, 443, 461

  Howe, Elspeth, 526–7, 567

  Hugh le Grand Veneur, 8

  Hugh the Great, 48

  Hull Equal Rights Group, 533

  Hume, David, 332–3

  Hundred Years’ War, 67

  Hunt, Arabella, 263–4

  Hunt, Henry, 342, 354, 355

  hunting, 10–11, 17, 37

  Huntingdon, Katherine Dudley, Countess of, 167

  Huntingdon, Selina Hastings, Countess of, 304

  Huskar Colliery (near Barnsley), 317

  Hutchinson, Lucy, 142

  Hyde, Susan, 145

  Hyman, Dorothy, 544

  ice skating, 453, 543

  immigration, 536, 539–41

  Imperial Typewriter Factory, Leicester, 534

  India, 339, 401, 430, 493–4; First War of Indian Independence (1857), 340, 365

  industry: small-scale in medieval era, 13, 17, 18–19, 31; in convents/abbeys, 68; and ‘sumptuary laws,’ 81; mechanisation of spinning/weaving, 212, 233, 315, 348–9, 352–3; exclusion of women in later 1800s, 319; minimum wages in sweated jobs, 398; Victorian era prosperity, 442; working women in 1857–1928 period, 461; women in Great War factories, 465–6, 467–71, 566; new light industries in inter-war era, 478, 484; as still male dominated, 555, 556

  infant mortality, 210, 289, 330, 427, 428, 564

  infanticide, 149, 277

  Ingala Smith, Karen, 504–14

  Ingatestone (Essex), 9–10

  inheritance laws: tradition of passing to boy/male heirs, 5, 8, 9, 29–30, 71, 132, 138–9, 571; wills in Anglo-Saxon era, 6; and widows, 9, 20, 23, 29, 71, 79, 104–5, 132, 162, 204–5, 226–7; feudal entry fees paid by women, 29; and single women, 30, 205–6, 318; traditions in London, 79; husband’s ‘entail’ on property, 204–5; Married Women’s Property Acts, 394, 484

  Innocent III, Pope, 48

  inns/ale houses, 13, 33–4, 77, 163, 164, 183, 205

  Ireland, 144, 197, 298, 408

  Isabella of Castile, 115

  Isabella of France (queen consort of Edward II), 23, 32, 47, 69–70

  Islam, 231, 458

  James I, King, 133, 139–40, 167, 176, 188–9

  James II, King, 145, 211, 217–20, 237–8

  Jarrow March (1936), 479–80, 480

  Jeffreys, Joyce, 144

  Jeffreys, Judge, 219

  Jekyn, Agnes, 73

  Jersey, Margaret Villiers, Countess of, 445

  Jesuits, 121

  jewellery, 81

  Jewish population: antisemitism, 9, 27–8, 298, 363, 467, 481–2; and church laws against usury, 9, 26–7, 28; women and finance, 26–7, 162, 231; massacre of in York (1189), 27–8; invention of ‘blood libel’ legend against, 27; expulsion from England (1290), 28; forbidden to lend money (1275), 28; wearing of white/yellow badge, 28; and marriage, 57, 371; emigrants escaping Mary Tudor, 120; in sixteenth-century England, 162; during Commonwealth, 180, 199, 231; Ashkenazi Jews, 231; Charles II guarantees, 231; and the theatre, 324–5