357 “When Senator Symington got up and starting talking about a secret war”: Helms interview, Johnson Oral History Project, II, p. 6.

  358 “I’m not sure your people ought to be getting involved”: Helms interview, II, quoted p. 21.

  359 “as a matter of policy”: Church Committee, Final Report, Book I, pp. 227–230.

  359 “IGs, hoping for plum assignments”: Floyd L. Paseman, A Spy’s Journey (St. Paul, Minn., Zenith Press, 2004), p. 80. The change referred to took place in the mid-nineties.

  360 “We were caught” et seq.: Henry A. Kissinger, White House Years 1969–1973 (Boston, Little Brown, 1979), p. 451.

  361 “As we discussed” et seq.: Arnold R. Isaacs, Without Honor (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), quoted pp. 178–179.

  361 “undoubted moral obligation: Douglas S. Blaufarb, The Countrinsurgency Era (New York, The Free Press, 1977), pp. 166–168.

  16: GLOBAL REACH

  367 “My job is to hold an umbrella:” Phillips, Night Watch, quoted p. 201.

  368 “I thought he had the personality of a dead mackerel”: “The Cool Pro Who Runs the CIA,” Newsweek, November 30, 1971, quoted p. 30.

  370 “I had all sorts of dirty tricks”: Thomas, Very Best Men, quoted p. 330.

  370 “one of my darkest days”: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, p. 343.

  371 “Well, aren’t you the lucky one” et seq.: Douglass Cater, “What Did LBJ Know and When Did He Know It?” Washington Post, July 19, 1987, quoted p. C7.

  371 “start to finish”: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, p. 345.

  372 “no useful purpose”: Report of the President’s Committee Relative to Covert CIA Aid, March 20, 1967, reprinted, U.S. Congress: House Foreign Affairs Committee (90/1), Hearings: Encouraging Private Participation in International Activities (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1967), Pt. 1, p. 5.

  372 “Secrecy has a self-destructive potential”: Cater, “What Did LBJ Know.”

  373 “imbalance” et seq.: CIA, “Suggested Press Statement,” October 25, 1963, JFLK:JFKP: POF: Staff Memoranda Series, box 62A, folder “Bundy, McGeorge 7/63–11/63.” The note from McGeorge Bundy to President Kennedy covering this and the following item make clear Meyer’s drafting, with some help from Ambassador Llewelyn Thompson, and that JFK was speaking by agreement with John McCone.

  373 “Capitalizing on Communist Dissension,” et seq.: CIA, “Suggested Remarks for President Kennedy at the White House Luncheon for the RFE Fund on October 25, 1963,” ibid.

  373 “Please take steps to make sure”: Note, Lyndon Johnson to Richard Helms, December 20, 1966, LBJL:LBJP: WHCF: Confidential File, box 17, folder “FG 11-2, CIA.”

  374 “I won’t fund those radios” et seq.: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, quoted p. 372.

  374 “CIA Orphans” and “could have been more aggressive”: Johnson, Right Hand of Power, pp. 525, 350.

  376 “we plan to use as appropriate”: NSC, Memorandum, McGeorge Bundy to Lyndon B. Johnson, October 13, 1965, LBJL:LBJP: National Security File (hereafter NSF): Aides’ Files, box 5, folder “Bundy Memos, v. 15 (Sept. 23–Oct. 15, 1965).”

  376 “Because they leak”: Marginal Note on Memorandum, Walt W. Rostow to Lyndon B. Johnson, June 1, 1966 (declassified September 25, 1979), LBJL:LBJP: NSF: Agency File, box 9, folder “CIA, v. 2.”

  377 “Don’t waffle, don’t ramble”: Powers, Man Who Kept the Secrets, quoted p. 221.

  377 the group believes that” et seq.: “Intelligence Activities and Foreign Policy,” no date (under cover note of December 5, 1968), LBJL: Clark Clifford Papers, box 15, folder “PFIAB.”

  377–8 “I look back with chagrin” et seq.: Dean Rusk and Richard Rusk (edited by Daniel S. Papp), As I Saw It (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), pp. 554–555.

  378 “The policy arbiters”: Quoted from a CIA original document in U.S. Congress, Senate (94/2), Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Report: Book I: Foreign and Military Intelligence (hereafter cited as Church Committee Report, v. 1) (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1976), quoted p. 56.

  380 “had not been overcome”: NSC, “Minutes of the Meeting of the 303 Committee,” December 15, 1967 (declassified March 3, 2003), LBJL:LBJP: NSF: Intelligence Series, box 2, folder “303 Committee.”

  383 “the character of such secret intervention” et seq.: Lindsay Study Group, “Memorandum for the President-Elect: Covert Operations of the United States Government,” December 1, 1968, p. 10, JFKL: Adam Yarmolinsky Papers, Subject File, box 59, folder “Lindsay Group 1967–1968.”

  383 “designed to discredit”: CIA, “Report to the DCI on the Organization of CIA and the Intelligence Community,” January 20, 1969 (declassified July 8, 2004), p. 7, NARA: CIA CREST Collection.

  383 “did not shake my longstanding impression”: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, p. 377.

  384 “I look upon this organization”: Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard Nixon, 1969 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1971), p. 203.

  384 “the American people need to understand”: ibid.

  385–6 “I have determined”: NSDM-40 “Responsibility for the Conduct, Supervision, and Coordination of Covert Action Operations,” February 17, 1970 (declassified 1976).

  386 “It is true that”: Johnson, Right Hand of Power, p. 347.

  389 “On Cambodia, did he emphasize”: Memorandum, Henry A. Kissinger to Richard M. Nixon, “Your Meeting with Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board Members—Saturday, July 18,” no date (declassified December 7, 1994), National Archives: Nixon Library Project: White House Special Files: President’s Office File: Memos to the President, box 81, folder “Beginning July 12, 1970.”

  390 “We believe the Board”: Murphy Commission Report, I, p. 99.

  391 “the mountain tribes”: CIA, “The Kurdish Minority Problem,” ORE 71-49, December 8, 1948 (declassified July 5, 1978), p. 1, HSTL:HSTP: PSF Intelligence File, box 258, folder “ORE Reports 1948 (67–78).”

  393–4 “Our people’s fate in unprecedented danger” et seq.: CIA Kurdish cables: William Safire, Safire’s Washington (New York, Times Books, 1980), pp. 83–84, 85–86. Versions of these documents appeared in the Pike Committee report, but Safire uses more complete quotations.

  394 “Covert action should not be confused with missionary work”: ibid.

  394 “another of those episodes” et seq.: Henry A. Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1999), quoted pp. 576, 584.

  17: THE SOUTHERN CONE

  397 “unequivocal support to democracy” et seq.: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, quoted pp. 184, 699.

  400 “printed by citizens without political affiliation”: Church Committee, Staff Report: Covert Action in Chile, 1963–1973 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, December 18, 1975), quoted p. 15.

  401 “It’s the atmosphere” et seq.: Department of State, Memorandum, Deputy Director for Coordination (INR)–Director for Intelligence and Research, “ARA-Agency Meeting, September 30, 1964, FRUS 1964–1968, v. 31, South and Central America, Mexico, Item no. 272.

  401 “outside forces”: New York Times, November 15, 1965, cited in Church Committee, Covert Action in Chile, p. 57.

  403 “forces for change”: Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, pb 3rd ed., (New York: Dell, 1984), p. 14.

  403 “as is so often the case”: ibid., p. 15.

  404 “could not bring itself to face” and “a great college term paper”: Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 663, 664.

  404 “I am not interested in”: Kissinger quoted by Armando Uribe, The Black Book of American Intervention in Chile (Boston, Beacon Press, 1974), p. 33.

  405 “I don’t see why the United States should stand by and let Chile go communist”: Seymour Hersh, The Pursuit of Power (New York, Summit Books, 1983), quoted p. 265.

  405 “grand sum” and “Had I believed”: Kissinger, White House Years, pp. 666, 669.

  405 “I don’t think anybody understood”: Seymour M. Hersh, “The Price of Power: Kissinger, Nixon and Chile,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1982, quoted p. 39.

  407 “enabled the Station”: Church Committee: Covert Action in Chile, p. 22.

  407 “High-level concern in the Nixon Administration”: Central Intelligence Agency, “CIA Activities in Chile,” September 18, 2000 (Hinckey Report), p. 7.

  407 “all our systems and our foreign policy”: H. R. Haldeman, The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1994), for August 6, 1969.

  407 “Kissinger problem”: Haldeman Diaries, August 18, 1970, p. 190; cf. 189 for the weekend’s events.

  408 “probe all possible aspects” et seq.: NSC, Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of the Meeting of the 40 Committee, September 8, 1970 (declassified July 22, 1998), Gerald R. Ford Library, Gerald R. Ford Papers (hereafter GRFL:GRFP), Philip Buchen Files, National Security series, box 26, folder “Chronological File (4).”

  408 “grouchy”: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, p. 403.

  409 “Make the economy scream,” and “If I ever”: Church Committee Report, Alleged Assassination Plots, quoted p. 227–228; “my heart sank”: p. 233.

  409 “It was my opinion”: “Excerpts from Nixon’s Responses to the Senate Select Committee,” New York Times, March 12, 1976, p. 14, Interrogatory 39.

  410 “bleak”: Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, p. 406.

  410 “We were surprised”: Meyer, Facing Reality, p. 185.

  411 “The odds [were] unacceptable”: Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, quoted p. 233.

  411 “Problem is, Helms has marching orders”: Phillips, Night Watch, p. 221.

  411 “There was just no question”: Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, quoted p. 233.

  412 “WE ACCEPT AS HYPOTHESIS”: CIA Cable, September 27, 1970 (declassified July 2000), reprinted in Peter Kornbluh, ed., The Pinochet File (New York, New Press, 2004), p. 50.

  412 “additional help aimed at inducing economic collapse”: Cable, E. J. Gerrity to H. S. Geneen, September 29, 1970, reprinted, NACLA, Latin America & Empire Report, v. 6, no. 4, April 1972, p. 11. Interviewed by Business Week magazine later, John McCone acknowledged these ITT documents were authentic (Washington Post, March 31, 1972).

  413 “a fertile atmosphere”: CIA Paper, “The Coup That Failed: The Effects on Allende and His Political Posture, with Special Emphasis on his Stance Before U.S. Positions, Moderate or Tough,” October 15, 1970 (declassified July 2000), reprinted in Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 61.

  413 “every Allende weak spot”: CIA, “Memorandum of Conversation,” October 15, 1970 (declassified November 1994), reprinted, ibid., p. 63.

  413 “IT IS FIRM AND CONTINUING POLICY”: CIA Cable, Headquarters–Santiago no. 802, October 16, 1970 (declassified July 2000), ibid., p. 64.

  413 “I saw Karamessines today” et seq.: Kissinger, White House Years, p. 676.

  414 “As far as I was concerned . . . what we were told to do was continue our efforts”: Thomas Karamessines testimony to Church Committee, in Alleged Assassination Plots, p. 254.

  414 “establishment by the Allende government” et seq.: NSC, National Security Study Memorandum 97, “Options Paper on Chile,” November 3, 1970 (declassified December 1, 1995), National Security Archive: NSC Directives collection.

  414 “The election of Allende as President”: NSC, Memorandum, Henry Kissinger to Richard Nixon, “NSC Meeting, November 6—Chile,” November 5, 1970 (declassified April 16, 2002), National Security Archive FOIA.

  414–5 “immobilism” et seq.: CIA, DCI Briefing for the National Security Council, November 6, 1970 (declassified May 18, 1988). GRFL:GRFP: Presidential Handwriting File: National Security Series, box 32, folder “Intelligence (17).”

  415 “We have to do everything we can to bring him down” et seq.: NSC, Memorandum of Conversation, “NSC Meeting—Chile (NSSM-97),” November 6, 1970 (declassified August 16, 2000), Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 117.

  415 “correct but cool” et seq.: NSC, National Security Decision Memorandum 97, “Policy Towards Chile,” November 9, 1970 (declassified November 25, 1985), ibid., p. 129.

  415 “What our opponents called destabilization”: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p. 751.

  415 “a number of political actions”: William Broe at 40 Committee, November 19, 1970, in Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 134.

  416 “excessive overtures”: NIE quoted in Church Committee, Covert Action in Chile, p. 46.

  417 “He holds a great many secrets” et seq.: Memorandum, Haig to Kissinger, March 10, 1971 (declassified NARA), NARA: NLP: NSC Files: Alexander Haig Files, box 971, folder “Haig Chronological, March 10–20, 1971.”

  418 “highly charged discussion” et seq.: Nathaniel Davis, The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985), p. 315.

  420 “Merry Christmas”: Phillips, Night Watch, quoted p. 247.

  421 “Our hand doesn’t show” et seq.: Neil Lewis, “Delight Over Coup Is Evident in Transcripts,” New York Times, May 28, 2004, quoted p. A17.

  421 “it is incorrect to say” et seq.: White House, “SFRC Executive Session, Nomination Hearings, September 17, 1973: Chile” (declassified February 7, 1994), pp. 5, 4, GRFL:GRFP: White House Operations File: Robert K. Wolthius Files, box 2, folder “Intelligence Investigations—Chile.”

  423 “Now that Allende was dead”: Kornbluh, Pinochet File, p. 217.

  424 “Allende’s ouster and death” et seq.: CIA, “Prospects for Chile,” NIE 94-1-75, June 6, 1975 (declassified March 2, 2001), p. 11, GRFL:GRFP: Kissinger-Scowcroft Parallel File, folder “Chile: Political-Military, General (1): 6/30/75–10/17/75.”

  428 “The [CIA] effort was made” et seq.: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Gerald R. Ford, v. I (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 150–151.

  428 “the ultimate target”: Department of State, Action Memorandum, Lawrence Eagleburger and Robert J. McCloskey, “The CIA in Chile,” September 24, 1974 (declassified January 22, 1997), GRFL:GRFP: Kissinger-Scowcroft Parallel File: Presidential Country Files, box A5, folder “Chile (1) 8/9/74–3/31/75.”

  428 “Hill interests who want a series of hearings”: Eagleburger and McCloskey, “CIA in Chile,” ibid.

  429 “There is reason to believe” et seq.: CIA, Memorandum for the Inspector General, “Agency File Review: The ITT-CIA-Chile Question,” September 5, 1974 (declassified October 15, 1997), GRFL:GRFP: White House Operations Series, Robert K. Wolthius Files, Subject Series, box 2, folder “Intelligence Investigations—Chile.”

  18: FROM “ROGUE ELEPHANT” TO RESURRECTION

  431 “HUGE CIA OPERATION REPORTED”: New York Times, December 22, 1974.

  431 “press and political firestorm”: Colby, Honorable Men, pp. 388, 391.

  433 “Well Bill, when Hersh’s story first came out”: ibid., quoted p. 395.

  433 “If they come out blood will flow” et seq.: NSC, Memorandum of Conversation, January 4, 1975 (declassified April 20, 2000), GRFL:GRFP: National Security Adviser’s Files, Memcon series, box 8, folder “January 4, 1975–Ford, Kissinger.”

  433 “a lot of dead cats are going to come out” et seq.: NSC, Memorandum of Conversation, January 4, 1975 (declassified May 5, 1999), GRFL:GRFP: National Security Adviser’s Files, Memcon series, box 8, folder “January 4, 1975–Ford, Former CIA Director Richard Helms.”

  434 “everything in the files”: Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal (New York, Berkley Books, 1978), pp. xxiv, 258; cf p. 223–224.

  435 “handled the grilling with aplomb” et seq.: Richard L. Holm, The American Agent: My Life in the CIA (London, St. Ermin’s Press, 2003), pp. 270, 273.

  435 “I was proud to be”: E. Henry Knocke, “Covert Action and the CIA: An Inside Perspective,” May 15, 1989, transcript, p. 13, University of Washington Extension course “American Covert Operations.”

  435 “He betrayed his own”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 159.

  436 “fondling files”: CIA Memorandum, March 25, 1975, GRFL:GRFP: Richard Cheney Files, Intelligence Series, box 6, folder “Congressional Investigations (1).”

  437 “stick it to Kissinger”: Ford, A Time to Heal, p. 344.

  438 “This is an election year”: Daniel Schorr, Clearing the Air (New York, Berkley Books, 1978), quoted p. 196.

  439 “rogue elephant”: Ford, A Time to Heal, quoted p. xxiv.

  439 “a regiment of cloak and dagger men” et seq.: Church Committee, Final Report: Foreign and Military Intelligence, I, p. 564.

  440 “none of this changed the basic challenge” et seq.: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p. 798.

  442 “late and hesitant” William G. Hyland, Mortal Rivals (New York: Random House, 1987), p. 137.

  442 “probable disclosure” et seq.: Davis memorandum of May 1, 1975, quoted in Nathaniel Davis, “The Angola Decision of 1975: A Personal Memoir,” Foreign Affairs, Fall 1978, p. 111.

  442 “at the direction of National Security Council aides”: Pike Report: “The Report the President Doesn’t Want You to Read,” Village Voice, February 16, 1976, p. 85. Substantial portions of the full document appear in this article at pp. 69–94. No official print of the report was ever released. A compilation was published in England by Spokesman Books.

  442–3 “important but not vital” et seq.: NSC, Henry Kissinger Memorandum, “Meeting of the National Security Council,” June 27, 1975 (declassified July 11, 2000), GRFL:GRFP: National Security Adviser’s Files: Kissinger–Scowcroft Files, NSC Meetings Series, box 2, folder “NSC Meeting, 6/27/75.”

  443 “remains a tinderbox”: CIA, “DCI Briefing for 27 June NSC Meeting,” June 27, 1975 (declassified July 11, 2000), ibid.

  443 “Soviet arms shipments have reversed”: NSC, “Minutes, National Security Council Meeting,” June 27, 1975 (declassified March 28, 2001), ibid.

  444 “massive problems within”: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, quoted p. 808.