445 “the CIA recommended the operation”: U.S. Congress (94/2): House: Government Operations Committee. Hearings: Oversight of U.S. Government Intelligence Functions (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 440.

  445–6 “sense of tactical feasibility” et seq.: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, pp. 812–813.

  446 “Gentlemen, we’ve been given a job”: John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies (New York, W. W. Norton, 1978), quoted p. 95.

  450 “heavy” et seq.: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, pp. 814–815.

  451 “He read it. Then he grunted and walked out”: Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, quoted p. 22.

  453 “with victory for the Cuban”: Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p. 851.

  454 “compulsive interventionist”: Loch Johnson, A Season of Inquiry (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), quoted p. 170.

  455 “What happened in Angola”: American Broadcasting Corporation, transcript, “Issues and Answers,” September 19, 1976.

  457 “There were a lot of people in the DO”: Bob Woodward and Walter Pincus, “At CIA, A Rebuilder ‘Goes with the Flow,’ ” Washington Post, October 8, 1988, quoted p. A8.

  459 “I never presented a finding”: Knocke, “Covert Action and the CIA,” p. 28.

  461 “Our collection capability”: Paseman, A Spy’s Journey, p. 77.

  461 “Turner’s decision to make the cuts”: Tom Gilligan, CIA Life: 10,000 Days with the Agency (Guilford, Conn., Foreign Intelligence Press, 1991), p. 188.

  461 “nominal ‘chief spy’ ”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 165.

  462 “Being confident”: Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy (Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1985), p. 194.

  462 “perhaps [be] put into statute”: NSC, “Report on Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-11: Intelligence Structure and Mission,” February 22, 1977 (declassified October 14, 1997), p. 53, National Security Archive: Electronic Briefing Book no. 144, item 13.

  462 “The most frequent criticism of CIA”: Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Fought the Cold War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), p. 142.

  465 “The talent necessary for covert action”: Turner, Secrecy and Democracy, p. 177.

  19: THE MOUNTAINS OF ALLAH

  467 “The CIA is a family”: Alan D. Fiers, Jr., Testimony in the Nomination of Robert M. Gates for Director of Central Intelligence, September 19, 1991, U.S. Congress (102/1), Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearings: Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1992), v. I, p. 680.

  467 “to a world which yearned for peace”: Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith (New York, Bantam Books, 1982), p. 471.

  472 “going to war”: Jimmy Carter, quoted in Washintgon Post, October 7, 1982.

  472 “to make sure that the Soviets paid some price”: Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle (New York, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), p. 434.

  474 “father”: Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987 (New York, Pocket Books, 1988), p. 359.

  475 “distorted”: Charles G. Cogan, “Partners in Time,” World Policy Journal, v. 10, no. 2 (Summer 1993), pp. 79–80.

  475 “any prolonged occupation”: CIA, Special National Intelligence Estimate 11/32-81, “The Soviet Threat to Pakistan,” August 12, 1981 (declassified January 7, 1994), National Security Archive: Microfiche Collection “The Soviet Estimate,” no. 548.

  479 “the withdrawal of Soviet forces”: Elie Krakowski interview, CNN: Cold War Series, Soldiers of God, August 1997, part 2, p. 1.

  480 “to keep the pot boiling”: Gates, From the Shadows, quoted p. 252.

  481 “Casey would say”: Diego Cordovez and Selig S. Harrison, Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (New York, Oxford University Press, 1995), quoted, p. 103.

  483 “This is the kind of thing”: Joseph E. Persico, Casey: From the OSS to the CIA (New York, Viking, 1990), p. 225.

  484 “Hmmm, World War III”: Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (New York, Penguin Books, 2004), quoted p. 128.

  486 “We cannot rule out a more serious deterioration” et seq.: CIA, “The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Five Years Later,” DI/NESA 85-10084, May 1985 (declassified Historical Review Program), pp. 19, 20.

  489 “gratitude in the Afghan’s dictionary”: Frank Anderson interview, CNN: Cold War Series, Soldiers of God, August 1997, part 2, p. 5.

  20: THE REAGAN REVOLUTION

  494 “there is no basis for concluding that Mr. Casey is unfit to serve”: New York Times, July 30, 1981. The conclusion would be reiterated in a Senate Intelligence Committee press release on December 1, 1981.

  495 “Just as there is a classic formula”: William J. Casey, “The Status of U.S. Intelligence,” Speech Text, John Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs, Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio, October 27, 1986, reprinted in Herbert E. Meyer, ed., Scouting the Future: The Public Speeches of William J. Casey (Washington, D.C., Regnery Gateway, 1989), p. 36.

  496 “special activities”: Executive Order 12333 is widely reprinted. See New York Times, December 5, 1981. Also U.S. Congress (103/2): Senate: Select Committee on Intelligence. Report: Legislative Oversight of Intelligence Activities: The U.S. Experience (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1994), pp. 87–100.

  499 “extremely schizoid” et seq.: Mansur Rafizadeh, Witness: From the Shah to the Secret Arms Deal, An Insider’s Account (New York, William Morrow, 1987), p. 347.

  500 “groping through a maze”: quoted in Washington Post, December 19, 1986.

  501 “Improvement of ties to the United States is not currently an option”: White House, Report of the President’s Special Review Board (Tower Commission) (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1987), cited p. B-6.

  503 “We want Savimbi to know”: Woodward, Veil, quoted p. 490.

  21: BILL CASEY’S WAR

  508 “In virtually every covert action”: Gates, From the Shadows, p. 244.

  509 “My plan was simple”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 197.

  511 “Cuban presence” and “support structure”: NSC, “Presidential Finding on Covert Operations in Nicaragua,” December 1, 1981 (declassified November 18, 2001), document printed in Peter Kornbluh and Malcolm Byrne, eds., The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History (New York, New Press, 1993), p. 11. The presidential finding was originally reported in Washington Post, April 3, 1983.

  513 “We were all hugging”: quoted in New York Times, March 18, 1985.

  515 Hector Frances: On Frances, see Miami Herald, December 1, 1982; Washington Post, December 2, 1982; and New York Times, December 19, 1982. A transcript of his videotaped statement appeared in the Managua FSLN newspaper Barricada on December 2, 1982. An English translation appears in The Black Scholar, March/April 1983, pp. 2–16. Journalist Christopher Dickey of the Washington Post reported that Frances may not have been a true defector and his statement may have been extracted (With the Contras [New York, Simon and Schuster, 1985], p. 154). This is not likely.

  516 “We want to give democracy a chance”: quoted in New York Times, December 2, 1982.

  517 “special project”: State Department (CIA) Cable, John Negroponte–Thomas Enders et al., May 21, 1983 (declassified June 1, 1998), National Security Archive: Electronic Briefing Book (hereafter cited as EBB) 151/1, item 110.

  518 “I HAVE MY DOUBTS ABOUT”: State Department (Roger Channel), Cable Managua 2249, May 26, 1983 (declassified June 2, 1998), National Security Archive: EBB 151/1, item 148.

  518 “Lau was still the last person to talk to Bermudez”: Edgar Chamorro, “Conferssions of a Contra,” New Republic, August 5, 1985, quoted p. 22.

  521 “Pastora glared at the tall man”: Arturo Cruz, Jr. Memoirs of a Counterrevolutionary (New York, Doubleday, 1989), p. 160.

  521 “This was not true”: Claridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 225.

  524 “the Sandinistas and Cubans”: CIA, Memorandum of Notification, September 19, 1983 (declassified January 15, 1988), reprinted in Kornbluh and Byrne, Iran-Contra Scandal, pp. 11–17, quoted p. 12.

  525 “The new finding”: Gates, From the Shadows, quoted p. 301.

  525 “Can’t we get more pressure”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, quoted p. 261.

  527 “ ‘to sink ships’ ”: Deposition of Edgar Chamorro before the International Court of Justice, September 5, 1985, in Peter Rosset and John Vandermeer, eds., Nicaragua: Unfinished Revolution, The New Nicaragua Reader (New York, Grove Press, 1986), quoted p. 242.

  527 “Given the limited activity”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 264.

  528 “not one of the happiest episodes”: Robert McFarlane testimony before Joint Congressional Committee investigating Iran-Contra, May 13, 1987.

  529 “it hit me”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 269.

  530 “as we were supposed to” et seq.: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 274.

  531 “We are”: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report: January 1, 1983, to December 31, 1984 (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1985), pp. 7–10.

  532 “The CIA was directly involved” et seq.: Barry M. Goldwater with Jack Casserly, Goldwater (New York, Doubleday, 1988), pp. 301–313, quoted pp. 304, 306. The “run a railroad” text is reprinted in the SSCI report, p. 8.

  532 “can only be described as a domestic disinformation campaign:” Robert Simmons as quoted by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Congressional Record, August 12, 1994, s11834.

  533 “just another operation” et seq.: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 274.

  534 “The mining episode”: George Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1993), p. 406.

  536 “I am in full agreement”: CIA Memorandum, William J. Casey–Robert McFarlane, March 27, 1984 (declassified in the Iran-Contra investigation), reprinted in Kornbluh and Byrne, Iran-Contra Scandal, p. 66.

  536 All NSPG quotes: Memcon, National Security Planning Group Meeting, June 25, 1984, ibid., pp. 69–82.

  537 “Because, he said, that was where the action was”: Gilligan, CIA Life, p. 229.

  22: PROJECT DEMOCRACY

  539 “Dictatorships and Double Standards”: Jeanne J. Kirkpatrick, “Dictatorships and Double Standards,” Commentary, November 1979.

  540 “I am confident we will pull through this crisis”: quoted in New York Times, June 1, 1984.

  541 “the occasional peacock among the roosters”: Mona Charen, “What White House Women Think About White House Men,” Washingtonian, September 1986, p. 188.

  541 “We can do an Admiral Yamamoto”: quoted in Washington Post, November 30, 1986.

  543 “a cat being thrown into a clothes dryer”: U.S. Congress (102/1): Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearings: Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence (Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1992), v. I, p. 678.

  543 “Ollie, Alan tells me you are operating”: Senate Intelligence Committee, Gates Nomination Hearings, v. I, quoted pp. 655–656.

  544–5 “it is time to talk absolutely straight”: CIA, Memorandum Robert M. Gates–William J. Casey, December 14, 1984 (declassified), reprinted, Senate Intelligence Committee, Hearings: Nomination of Robert M. Gates, v. I, pp. 731–735; quoted pp. 731, 734.

  545 “the most sophisticated disinformation and active measures campaign”: quoted in Washington Post, December 21, 1986.

  545 “brothers” et seq.: quotations from Reagan speeches: New York Times, March 2, 1985; April 1, 1985; June 6, 1985.

  547 “FIELD STATIONS ARE TO CEASE AND DESIST WITH ACTIONS THAT CAN BE CONSTRUED”: CIA Cable, c. October 1, 1985. Scott Armstrong, et al., The Chronology: The Documented Day-by-Day Account of the Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Contras (New York, Warner Books, 1987), reprinted p. 66.

  549 “would be driven from the field and defeated in detail”: Richard Secord testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings, May 5, 1987.

  550 “deep personal conviction”: NSC, Letter, Robert McFarlane–Lee Hamilton, August 20, 1985, quoted in Armstrong, Chronology, p. 147.

  550 “my actions, and those of my staff”: NSC, Letter, Robert McFarlane–Michael Barnes, September 12, 1985, reprinted in Byrne and Kornbluh, Iran-Contra Scandal, pp. 201–204.

  552 “What about the airfield?”: Elliott Abrams testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings, June 2, 1987.

  552 “Give me an account number and I’ll fly anything anywhere”: Owens testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings, May 19, 1987.

  554 “the Wilson gang back in business”: Felix Rodriguez testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings, May 27, 1987.

  554 “We want every bit of support we can get”: Secord testimony Iran-Contra, Hearings, op. cit.

  555 “Nicaragua: Prospects for the Insurgency”: CIA NIE of March 1986 identified in Select Committee on Intelligence, Hearings: Nomination of Robert M. Gates, pt. 3, p. 25.

  556 “This is asinine—no black ops ever use this procedure”: Richard Secord KL-43 Message, quoted in Washington Post, June 14, 1987.

  556 “MY OBJECTIVE IS CREATION OF A 2,500 MAN FORCE”: KL-43 Message, Joe Fernandez–Oliver North, April 12, 1986, quoted in Tower Board Report, Appendix C, p. 8.

  557–8 “Freedom, Regional Security” et seq.: Message to Congress, reprinted in New York Times, March 15, 1986, p. 4.

  558 “We are only at the beginning” et seq.: Meyer, Scouting the Future, p. 27.

  559 “monitor Ollie”: Abrams testimony Iran-Contra, Hearings, June 2, 9, 1987.

  561 “We have to lift some of this on to the CIA”: email, North to Poindexter, May 16, 1986, quoted in Armstrong, Chronology, p. 369.

  561–2 “Max is the only problem” et seq.: Rodriguez testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings.

  564 “You went on that mission, didn’t you”: Robert C. Dutton testimony, Iran-Contra Hearings, May 27, 1987.

  566 “wildly speculative false stories” et seq.: Ronald Reagan Speech Text, New York Times, November 14, 1986.

  567 “public pouting” et seq.: Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, quoted pp. 837–838.

  569 “This is the most fucked-up thing”: Glenn Garvin, Everybody Had His Own Gringo: The CIA and the Contras (Washington, D.C., Brassey’s, 1992), quoted p. 203.

  23: FULL CIRCLE

  573 “I would go over those points in my mind”: Gates, From the Shadows, p. 417.

  574 “He did not lead the troops”: Melissa Boyle Mahle, Denial and Deception: An Insider’s View of the CIA from Iran-Contra to 9/11 (New York, Nation Books, 2004), pp. 51–52, quoted p. 52.

  574 “did a terrific job”: Paseman, A Spy’s Journey, p. 236.

  574 “didn’t have the stomach for bold moves”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 359.

  574 “godsend” and “hill of beans”: Gates, From the Shadows, p. 419.

  576 “somewhat timid operationally”: Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, p. 167.

  578 “the American government, including CIA”: Gates, From the Shadows, p. 449.

  582 “it is unclear exactly what sort of discussions” et seq.: President George H. W. Bush, Memorandum of Disapproval, November 30, 1990, U.S. Congress (104/2), Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report: U.S. Actions Regarding Iranian and Other Arms Transfers to the Bosnian Army, 1994–1995 (Washington, D.C., Committee Xerox), quoted p. 23.

  582 “The lowest point in my life”: Gates, From the Shadows, p. 542.

  583 “something fairly dramatic”: ibid., p. 549.

  584 “Pay attention” and “We were not listening”: Mahle, Denial and Deception, pp. 84, 79.

  587 “99.9 FM Mogadishu”: Kenneth L. Cain, “The Legacy of Black Hawk Down,” New York Times, October 3, 2003, quoted p. A27.

  588 “Look, do not take on Aideed”: Thomas W. Lippman and Barton Gellman, “A Humanitarian Gesture Turns Deadly,” Washington Post, October 11, 1993, quoted p. A44.

  589 Garrett Jones article: “Working with the CIA,” Parameters, v. 31, no. 4 (Winter 2001–2002).

  589 “CNN House”: Vernon Loeb, “Confessions of a Hero,” Washington Post, April 29, 2001, p. F4.

  590 “THINGS ARE BAD”: Vernon Loeb, “After-Action Report,” Washington Post Magazine, February 27, 2000, quoted p. 23.

  591 “Why don’t you go talk”: Cain, “Legacy of Black Hawk Down.”

  591 “the battle of Mogadishu haunted me”: Bill Clinton, My Life (New York, Knopf, 2004), p. 552.

  591 “The Somalia tragedy shocked Clinton”: Nancy Soderberg, The Superpower Myth (New York, John Wiley, 2005), p. 40.

  591 “Mogadishu was a strategic setback”: Anthony Lake, 6 Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (Boston, Little Brown, 2000), p. 129.

  594 “more robust views on national security”: Clinton, My Life, p. 456.

  595 “a textbook case of the politicization of intelligence”: Nancy Soderberg, The Superpower Myth, p. 45.

  596 “Whitewash Wednesday”: Douglas Waller, “Wrong Spy for the Job,” Time, January 9, 1995, quoted p. 36.

  597 “Hope to see the madman”: “Bush Says He Erred in Assuming Hussein Would Fall After War,” New York Times, January 15, 1996, p. A4.

  598 “The wars with Iran”: CIA/DI, “Iraq: Implications of Insurrection and Prospects for Saddam’s Survival” (NESA 91-20010), March 16, 1991 (declassified January 23, 2001), p. 7, CIA Electronic Reading Room.

  598 “I don’t like this”: Evan Thomas, Christopher Dickey, and Gregory L. Vistica, “Bay of Pigs Redux,” Newsweek, March 23, 1998, quoted p. 37.

  599 “They needed a lot of help”: James Bamford, “The Man Who Sold the War,” Rolling Stone, November 18, 2005, quoted p. 7 of 10.

  600 “a major objective” et seq.: Don Oberdorfer, “U.S. Had Covert Plan to Oust Iraq’s Saddam, Bush Adviser Asserts,” Washington Post, January 20, 1993, quoted p. A4.

  600 “The program was too fat”: R. Jeffrey Smith and David B. Ottaway, “Anti-Saddam Operation Cost CIA $100 Million,” Washington Post, September 15, 1996, quoted, p. A28.