and Cuba

  Enders, Rudy

  Erskine, Graves B.

  Esterline, Jacob D.

  and Cuba

  Estonia

  Ethnic cleansing

  Europe: rebuilding of

  Executive Committee for Air Proprietary Operations (EXCOMAIR)

  Falklands War

  Fecteau, Richard G.

  capture of

  release of

  Fiers, Alan D., Jr.

  guilty plea of

  and Oliver North, relationship with

  15th of September Legion

  FitzGerald, Desmond

  death of

  and Li Mi operation

  in Philippines

  40 Committee

  and Allende

  on Chile

  decisions of

  Kissinger, as arbiter of. See also Operations Advisory Group.

  Ford, Gerald R.

  and Angola

  on covert actions, as necessary

  and covert operations hearings

  and intelligence community

  leaks, concern of

  and Malagasy Republic

  and Portugal

  Foreign policy: and behavior

  and covert operations

  and diplomacy

  and economic sanctions

  and military force

  tools of

  France

  Frasheri, Midhat

  Free Officers’ Movement

  Frei, Eduardo Montalva

  CIA support of

  Frente revolucionario democrático (FRD)

  Frente sandinista de liberación nacional (FSLN). See Sandinistas.

  Front for the Liberation of Iran

  Fuerza democrática nicaraguense (FDN)

  peace initiative of

  problems of

  Fuerzas Armadas Revoluccionarias (FAR)

  Fulbright, William

  Fundamentalism

  Gadhafi, Muammar

  Galbraith, John Kenneth

  De Gasperi, Alcide

  Gates, Robert M.

  as CIA director

  intelligence, politicization of

  on Nicaragua secret war

  retirement of

  Gehlen Organization

  Gehlen, Reinhard

  United States, alliance with

  as vital

  George, Clair E.

  Germany

  Battlegroup Against Inhumanity in

  and denazification

  military intelligence in

  psychological warfare against

  Ukrainian partisans in

  Ghana

  coup plot in

  Soviet arms deal in

  Giancana, Salvatore

  Gizenga, Antoine: arms deliveries of

  arrest of

  Gladio networks

  Gleichauf, Justin F.

  Goldwater, Barry

  Gompo Tashi

  Gorbachev, Mikhail

  Gore, Al

  Goss, Porter J.

  Gray, Gordon L.

  background of

  and 5412 Group

  and PSB

  and psychological warfare

  resignation of

  Great Britain: and Falklands War

  and Guyana

  Greece

  civil war in

  Green Berets

  in Vietnam. See also Special Forces.

  Grenada

  Guatemala

  American intervention, charges of

  arrests in

  civil war in

  covert activity in

  drugs in

  naval blockade of

  revolt in

  Springfjord incident, impact on. See also Project Success.

  Guerrilla warfare

  and Special Forces group

  Guevara, Ernesto “Che”

  in Africa

  betrayal of

  capture of

  CIA, obsession with

  death of

  diary of

  weaknesses of

  Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

  Gulf War

  Guyana

  CIA in

  elections in

  National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) on

  plantation economy of

  as political action

  racial conflict in

  riots in

  strikes in

  violence in

  Guyana Agricultural Workers’ Union

  Guyanese Trades Union Council

  Haig, Alexander

  Haiti

  coup in

  Hakim, Albert

  Hammarskjöld, Dag: death of

  Haney, Albert: in Guatemala

  Harriman, W. Averell

  Harrington, Michael J.

  Harvey, William K.

  as America’s James Bond

  and Mafia hit squad

  and ZR/Rifle unit

  Hasey, John

  Hawkins, Jack

  Heckscher, Henry D.

  in Chile

  Helms, Richard M.

  career of

  Chile, testimony on

  as CIA director

  at DO

  and Laos

  perjury of

  Project Ate, distaste for

  and Project Success

  as spy’s spy

  Hersh, Seymour

  on Angola

  on CIA domestic activities

  Herwarth, Hans

  Hilger, Gustav

  Hillenkoetter, Roscoe H.

  Ho Chi Minh

  Holden, Paul

  Holm, Richard

  Holober, Frank

  Honduras

  CIA in

  Israelis, arms deal to

  United States, relationship with

  Hoover Commission

  Houston, Lawrence R.

  on covert action

  Hoxha, Enver

  government of

  Hugel, Max

  Hull Board

  Hull, John E.

  Human rights: as foreign policy focus

  Hume, Alec: and Guyana

  Hungary

  aid, appeal for

  bitterness in

  casualties in

  demonstrations in

  refugees from

  troops in

  Hunt, E. Howard

  Hussein, Saddam

  assassination attempt against

  and CIA

  conservative groups, attitude toward

  Republican Guard of

  and Special Security Organization

  uprisings against

  and weapons of mass destruction

  India

  Indonesia

  American role in

  Chinese Nationalists, arms deal with

  and Java

  Masjumi Party in

  PERMESTA in

  rebellion in

  rebels, defeat of

  and soldiers of fortune rubric

  Inman, Bobby Ray

  Intelligence Coordination and Exploitation (ICEX)

  Intelligence function: legislative oversight of

  Intelligence gathering: enemies, alliances with

  Intelligence Identities Protection Act

  Intelligence Oversight Act

  Intelligence Oversight Board (IOB)

  contras, inquiry into

  Intelligence reform: presidential resistance to

  Intelligence Reform Act (2004)

  Interagency Foreign Information Organization

  Interagency Working Group for Covert Action

  Inter-American Regional Labor Organization (ORIT)

  Intermountain Aviation

  International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)

  Internationalism

  International Organizations Division

  International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) Corporation

  Chile, intervention in

  and Chilean elections

  International Volunteer Air Group (IVAG)

  Invisible Government, The (Wise and Ross)

  Iran

  and arms deal

  covert operations in

  oil crisis in

  prisoners, treatment of in

  rioting in

  Shah, fall of

  U.S. policy toward. See also Iran-Contra affair; Iran hostage crisis.

  Iran-Contra affair

  basis for

  consequences of

  Iran hostage crisis

  and CIA

  consequences of

  end of

  hostages, release of

  rescue plan of

  Iranian Revolutionary Guards

  Iraq

  coup in

  economic sanctions in

  Kurds in

  Iraqi National Accord (INA)

  Iraqi National Congress (INC)

  Iraq War

  Isolationism

  Israel

  Italy: CIA in

  political warfare in

  Jackson, C. D.

  Jackson, William H.

  Jagan, Cheddi: background of

  and CIA

  as Communist, accusations of

  death of

  discrediting of

  imprisonment of

  marriage of

  popularity of

  reconciliation, bid for

  removal of

  Jagan, Janet

  Jamaica

  Japan: surrender of

  Jiang Jieshi

  CIA, association with

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines

  Allende, opposition to

  and Cuba

  domestic policy, passion for

  and Guyana

  secret war, lack of commitment to

  and Vietnam

  John Paul II

  Jones, Garrett

  Jonestown Massacre

  Jorgensen, Gordon L.

  Karamessines, Thomas H.

  Karmal, Babrak

  resignation of

  Karnow, Stanley

  Kasavubu, President

  American support of

  Kaunda, Kenneth

  Kennan, George F.

  containment, coining of

  covert operations, supporter of

  and Eastern Europe

  Kennedy, John F.

  and air force

  assassination of

  Bay of Pigs disaster, responsibility for

  and Castro

  and Congo

  and counterinsurgency

  and covert action

  covert action, control over

  covert operations, approval of

  and Cuba

  and Guyana

  and Laos

  leadership style of

  and Special Forces group

  and Special Group (Augmented)

  Special Group (CI), establishment of

  and Special Group (5412 Group), continuation of

  and Tibet

  and Vietnam

  Kennedy, Robert F.

  and Castro

  and Cuban Missile Crisis

  Kenya

  Khomeini, Ayatollah

  American support of

  Killian Board

  and covert operations

  and Special Group

  Killian, James R.

  King, Joseph Caldwell: and Bay of Pigs

  and Cuba

  and Guatemala

  Kirkpatrick, Jeane J.

  doctrine of

  Reagan, influence on

  Kirkpatrick, Lyman D.

  on Bay of Pigs

  on Project Ate

  Kissinger, Henry A.

  and Allende coup

  on Angola

  and Chile

  Chile, as strategist on

  and covert operations hearings

  Kong Le

  Korean War

  CIA activity, expansion of during

  psychological warfare in

  psychological warfare and paramilitary operations, separation between

  and Special Forces

  Kosovo

  war in

  Kruschchev, Nikita

  destalinization speech of

  Kurds

  abandonment of

  infighting among

  as nomadic

  relief to

  and secret war

  Kuwait: invasion of

  Lair, William: and Project Momentum

  Lake, Anthony

  Lansdale, Edward G.

  and Castro

  counterinsurgency, as advocate of

  in Philippines

  as theorist

  in Vietnam

  Lao People’s Front (NLHX)

  Laos

  civil war in

  as Cold War battleground

  diplomacy in

  drug trafficking in

  as front line

  Hmong tribes, and CIA alliance with

  secret war in

  as symbol

  Vang Pao, secret army of

  Law firms: spycraft, connection between

  Latvia

  Leahy, Patrick

  Lebanon

  civil war in

  Letelier, Orlando

  assassination of

  Libya

  economic sanctions in

  Pan American flight, bombing of

  Li Mi

  as ineffective

  Limited war

  Lindsay, Franklin A.

  on covert operations

  Nixon, influence on

  Lithuania

  Lithuanian-American Council: independence, bid for

  Li Tsung-jen

  Lodge, Bill

  Lovestone, Jay

  Lovett, Robert A.

  Lumumba, Patrice

  American resistance to

  assassination plot against

  escape of

  murder of

  removal of, as American objective

  Lynch, Grayston L.

  MacGaffin, John III

  Maclean, Donald

  Macmillan, Harold: and Guyana

  Madame Jiang Jieshi

  Magruder, John

  and China

  Magsaysay, Ramon: as larger-than-life

  Mansfield Bill

  Mauritius

  Mao Jen-feng

  Mao Zedong

  Marshall, George C.

  Marshall Plan

  Matjani, Hamit

  Matos, Huber

  McCarthy, Roger

  McClure, Robert A.

  McCone, John A.

  as CIA director

  on covert activity

  and Guyana

  and proprietaries

  McFarlane, Robert C.

  McMahon, John N.

  Afghan secret war, as father of

  Means, Russell

  Mengele, Joseph

  Methven, Stewart

  Meyer, Cord: and Guyana

  on Hungarian revolution

  Middle East

  secret warriors in

  Military: and covert operations

  Milosevic, Slobodan

  Mining: as act of war

  as disastrous

  international law, violation of

  and Nicaragua, CIA campaign in

  Mission creep: as term

  Misura

  Misurasata

  Mobutu, Joseph

  coup of

  as wild card

  Molecular theory

  Mondale, Walter

  Mossadegh, Mohammad

  capture of

  and CIA

  coup against

  and Soviet Union

  Movimiento nacional revolucionario (MNR)

  Movimiento de recuperación revolucionario (MRR)

  Moynihan, Daniel Patrick

  Mulele, Pierre

  Mussolini, Benito

  Myanmar. See Burma.

  Nagy, Imre

  execution of

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel

  Nation-building: and local minorities

  National Committee for a Free Europe

  National Endowment for the Preservation of Liberty

  National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)

  U.S. backing of

  National Intelligence Authority (NIA)

  National Intelligence Support Team

  National Labor Alliance (NTS)

  National Security Act (1947)

  CIA

  and covert action, legal basis for

  National Security Council (NSC)

  expansion of

  guerrilla warfare, support of

  revamping of

  and secret propaganda

  and Special Group

  Standing Group of

  and Voice of America

  National Security Decision Directives (NSDDs)

  National Security Medal: as secret

  National Security Planning Group (NSPG). See also Special Group.

  National Student Association (NSA)

  and CIA connection

  National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

  and South Africa

  National Volunteer Defense Army (NVDA)

  Negroponte, John

  Nehru, Jawaharlal

  Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (Nkrumah)

  Neto, Augustinho

  New York Times: on Chile

  on CIA domestic activities

  and National Student Association-CIA connection

  Nhu, Ngo Dinh

  Nicaragua

  CIA raids on

  covert action in

  and Cuba

  human rights abuses in

  mine campaign in

  Saudi Arabia, support from

  secret war in

  secret war in, escalation of

  United States, abandonment of

  United States, lawsuit against

  Nicaraguan Humanitarian Assistance Office (NHAO)

  Nicolson, Harold

  Nigeria

  1984 (Orwell)

  9/11 attacks

  9/11 Commission

  Nixon, Richard M.

  Allende, assassination order against

  and Cambodia

  Cambodia, invasion of

  and Chile

  CIA, antipathy toward

  China, visit to

  Congress, deteriorating relationship with

  covert action, understanding of

  and Cuba

  Eisenhower, differences between

  Helms, antipathy toward

  imperial presidency of

  and Laos

  as manipulator

  resignation of

  in Vietnam

  and Watergate

  Nkrumah, Kwame

  departure of

  as troublemaker

  Nonintervention

  Noriega, Manuel

  North, John Ringling

  North Korea

  North, Oliver L.

  and contras

  contras, and Iran arms sales

  as intense

  North Vietnam

  bombing of

  covert military action in

  and Ho Chi Minh Trail

  North Yemen

  Nyerere, Julius

  Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare

  Office of Policy Coordination (OPC)

  creation of

  Directorate for Operations, merging with

  divisions of

  funding of

  merger of

  OSO, duplication between

  OSO, tension between

  paramilitary operations of

  and Poland

  and Ukraine

  Office of Special Operations (OSO)