GORDON L. JORGENSEN: Senior clandestine services officer who led stations in both Laos and South Vietnam, among others.

  THOMAS H. KARAMESSINES: Among the first generation of CIA officers and an associate of Richard Helms, Karamessines led CIA stations in Vienna and Athens, then rose to deputy director for operations, the post he held during the National Student Association affair, at the high point of the Vietnam War, and during the Chilean covert action.

  COL. JAMES KELLIS: Detached from the air force to CIA, Kellis worked in covert operations in Greece and Korea and other Far East Division activities.

  GEORGE KENNAN: Professional diplomat whose work furnished the basis for the U.S. Cold War doctrine of “containment,” and who made important contributions to the creation of the OPC.

  JAMES R. KILLIAN: Scientist and adviser to President Eisenhower, Killian had a key role in the early development of the U-2 aircraft, on the basis of which he was appointed first chairman of the PBCFIA.

  JOSEPH CALDWELL KING: Headed the CIA operations division for Latin America from its creation through the Kennedy administration.

  LYMAN D. KIRKPATRICK: A mover in the creation of the Directorate of Operations, Kirkpatrick served as executive assistant to Walter B. Smith, chief of the Office of Special Operations; as CIA’s inspector general his evaluation of the Bay of Pigs failure would be highly controversial.

  HENRY A. KISSINGER: Though Kissinger would have a peripheral Cold War role as a consultant to the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations, he had a quite direct role in intelligence activities as national security adviser, 1969–1975, and secretary of state, 1973–1977.

  E. HENRY (“HANK”) KNOCKE: An officer from the technical intelligence side of CIA, Knocke had been special assistant to McCone and Helms; he led analytical staffs and the Foreign Broadcast Information Service, was CIA liaison to the Rockefeller and congressional investigations, and finally became deputy director for central intelligence.

  WILLIAM LAIR: Paramilitary specialist with long service in Thailand, Lair proved instrumental in enlisting Thai help for the CIA project in Laos, where he supervised Hmong operations until the late 1960s.

  PAT LANDRY: An agency paramilitary specialist, Landry conducted field missions during the Indonesian operation and later played a vital role in Laos as deputy, then chief of the unit that ran the Hmong partisan army.

  GEN. EDWARD G. LANSDALE: Air force officer detached to CIA and later in Pentagon assignments cooperating with the agency, Lansdale had primary roles in CIA covert operations in the Philippines, South Vietnam, and China.

  BRIAN LATELL: Agency analyst on Latin American affairs whose reports on Haiti became controversial for the CIA.

  JAMES R. LILLEY: Clandestine services officer who served in the Far East, in particular Hong Kong, was deputy chief of station in Laos, and became the first CIA station chief in Communist China, to which he returned as U.S. ambassador.

  FRANKLIN A. LINDSAY: Agency officer who headed the European Division of OPC and the DO, left to become a corporate executive, and headed a consultant study on covert operations for the Nixon administration.

  JAY LOVESTONE: A key CIA labor operative.

  JOHN MACGAFFIN III: Among the CIA’s Middle East specialists, MacGaffin worked against Soviet spies in Beirut and elsewhere, ran the agency’s base in New York, became chief of a post–Cold War Central Eurasian Division and then associate deputy director for operations before moving to the FBI as an intelligence adviser to its director.

  GEN. JOHN MAGRUDER: Led secret operations for the OSS and later was chief of the Strategic Services Unit; Magruder played a formative role in the creation of the CIA and later served as Pentagon representative on the board supervising the Office of Policy Coordination.

  HUBER MATOS: A Cuban leader who later turned against Fidel Castro, believing he had betrayed the revolution; he was imprisoned for two decades and after his release made common cause with anti-Castro exiles, including involvement in the CIA contra war against Nicaragua.

  ROGER MCCARTHY: Paramilitary officer who worked on many projects in the Far East, including China, Indonesia, and Tibet; worked as a trainer on Saipan and later headed the CIA’s Tibet task force.

  GEN. ROBERT A. MCCLURE: Founder of peacetime psychological warfare organizations within the U.S. Army.

  JOHN A. (“ALEX”) MCCONE: Senior official under Presidents Eisenhower—for whom he led the Atomic Energy Commission—then Kennedy and Johnson, whom McCone served as director of central intelligence; he returned to industry, joining the board of the ITT Corporation, and played a further covert action role when the CIA acted in Chile.

  ROBERT C. (“BUD”) MCFARLANE: A former Marine lieutenant colonel, McFarlane was detached to serve on the NSC staff under President Ford, returning later as deputy and then national security adviser to President Reagan. After leaving government he became involved in the Iran-Contra affair.

  JOHN N. (“JACK”) MCMAHON: With a background in technical intelligence, McMahon early worked on U-2 operations, on reconnaissance satellites, and on electronic interception before becoming an administrative coordinator, serving on the Intelligence Community Staff, then as deputy director for operations; he rose to deputy director for central intelligence.

  STEWART METHVEN: Covert operations specialist who first recruited Vang Pao in Laos, later worked on irregular warfare projects in South Vietnam and headed the CIA station in Zaire during the Angolan project.

  CORD MEYER: An agency political action specialist, Meyer headed psychological operations staffs or CIA’s International Organization Division from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s, paying special attention to activities of the “Radios,” then served as station chief in London.

  ROBERT MURPHY: American diplomat, PBCFIA member, and adviser to President Eisenhower.

  ROBERT J. MYERS: A station chief for the Office of Special Operations on Taiwan during the Korean War years, Myers rose to deputy chief of the Far East Division early in the Vietnam War.

  GAMAL ABDEL NASSER: Egyptian army officer who took power in a 1952 coup and cooperated with the CIA early on, only to become a target later as the U.S. opposed his efforts to create a multinational Arab movement and an alliance of nonaligned countries.

  PAUL H. NITZE: American official who succeeded George Kennan as head of the State Department’s Policy Planning Staff and remained at the center of national security decisions until the Reagan administration.

  JAMES NOEL: Clandestine services officer who became the last CIA station chief in pre-Castro Cuba and later ran networks for the Bay of Pigs task force.

  OLIVER L. NORTH: Marine officer detached for service on the Reagan NSC staff who became a prime mover in the Iran-Contra affair.

  ROBERT OAKLEY: American diplomat whose political-military work repeatedly brought him into the arena of CIA operations in the Middle East, Afghanistan, and Somalia.

  CARMEL OFFIE: Controversial character in early operations by the Office of Policy Coordination, CIA European activities, and later its labor operations.

  THOMAS A. PARROTT: Officer detailed from the CIA to the NSC staff to handle staff work for the 5412 Group and its successors, the Special Group (Augmented) and the 303 Committee.

  WILLIAM B. PAWLEY: Businessman and friend of President Eisenhower, Pawley used his Latin American networks to participate in CIA covert actions in Guatemala and Cuba.

  JACK PFEIFFER: An agency historian, Pfeiffer later conducted extensive classified research to compile the CIA’s four-volume official history of the Bay of Pigs.

  DAVID A. PHILLIPS: An agency psychological warfare specialist, Phillips was important in radio propaganda during the Guatemala and Cuba operations, and headed CIA stations in Latin America and the task force that carried out the 1970 covert action in Chile.

  ADM. JOHN POINDEXTER: Deputy, then national security adviser to President Reagan.

  THOMAS POLGAR: A European operations specialist for CIA, Polgar worked in Germany in the early 1950s and on Hungarian operations, and headed stations in Latin America and South Vietnam, where he became the last CIA station chief.

  ALLEN POPE: Air force pilot who joined Civil Air Transport for its airlift supporting the French in Indochina, Pope flew for the CIA project in Indonesia, where his shootdown essentially terminated the operation.

  LUIS POSADA CARRILES: Cuban exile fighter initially with the Bay of Pigs; responsible for bombings in Mexico City and of a Venezuelan airliner, and a participant in the “private benefactor” airlift in Nicaragua.

  ANTHONY (“TONY PO”) POSHEPNY: CIA field officer who worked on covert operations in Indonesia and Tibet and became an agency base chief in Laos.

  RAFAEL QUINTERO: Anti-Castro Cuban exile, active from before the Bay of Pigs through Project Mongoose and the Artime Brigade, right through to the 1980s contra war against Nicaragua.

  MANUEL (“MANOLO”) RAY: Cuban exile politician at the Bay of Pigs and in Project Mongoose.

  JOHN REAGAN: Paramilitary officer who served in Korea, Japan, on the Tibet project, in Vietnam, and headed the station in Pakistan at the outset of the Afghan project.

  ROBERT REYNOLDS: Miami base chief for the Bay of Pigs operation.

  JOHN H. (“JOCKO”) RICHARDSON: CIA covert operations specialist, Richardson headed agency stations in Austria, South Korea, and South Vietnam, and had a key role in the antecedents to the military coup in which Ngo Dinh Diem was killed.

  STEPHEN W. RICHTER: Clandestine services officer who worked with Iranian agent networks and, as chief of the Near East Division, presided over covert operations in Iraq in the mid-1990s, later rising to head a DO technology management group.

  WILLIAM A. (“RIP”) ROBERTSON, JR.: CIA field operator or contract officer in Guatemala, the Bay of Pigs, Project Mongoose, and Vietnam.

  FELIX I. RODRIGUEZ: Cuban exile fighter and CIA contract officer; starting from before the Bay of Pigs, Rodriguez worked for the agency on Project Mongoose, in Bolivia, in Vietnam, and on Nicaraguan “private benefactor” operations from El Salvador in the 1980s, where he also was a consultant to the Salvadoran air force.

  KERMIT (“KIM”) ROOSEVELT: An early covert operations expert, Roosevelt specialized in the Middle East and played key roles in Egypt and Iran, and as a DO official had some involvement in Guatemala. He retired to work for oil companies.

  HARRY S. ROSITZKE: An important Cold War covert operations manager, Rositzke headed the CIA’s Soviet Bloc Division during actions against Russia and later oversaw the Tibet operation as station chief in India.

  WALT W. ROSTOW: Psychological warfare consultant to PSB, later deputy national security adviser and State Department Policy Planning chief 1961–1966, and national security adviser 1966–1969.

  DEAN RUSK: Secretary of state for Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, 1961–1969.

  JOSE (“PEPE”) SAN ROMAN: Cuban exile brigade commander.

  NESTOR SANCHEZ: A Latin America specialist, Sanchez served as deputy station chief in Guatemala during the CIA operation there and was with the Miami station during Mongoose, serving as case officer for a Cuban operative in one of the Castro assassination plots; he led CIA stations in Guatemala, Venezuela, and Madrid before heading the Latin America Division; in 1981 he moved to the Pentagon with Frank Carlucci, becoming deputy secretary of defense for Inter-American affairs, with a role in the Nicaraguan secret war.

  ARTHUR M. SCHLESINGER, JR.: Historian and adviser to President Kennedy, especially on Latin American affairs, Schlesinger had roles in covert operations against Cuba and Guyana.

  JAMES R. SCHLESINGER: An official whose background lay in defense analysis, Schlesinger served briefly as director of central intelligence in 1973 before being appointed secretary of defense.

  GEN. RICHARD V. SECORD: Air force special operations expert with important roles in the Laotian paramilitary operation and the Iran hostage rescue, and later a “private benefactor” in the Nicaraguan contra operation and the sale of weapons to Iran.

  TONY SFORZA: Clandestine services officer who served in Cuba before Castro, in Mongoose, with the CIA station in Mexico City, and undercover during the Chilean project that led to the assassination of Gen. René Schneider.

  THEODORE (“TED”) SHACKLEY: Clandestine services officer who rose through the agency to become associate deputy director for operations; Shackley ran Polish operations from Berlin base, went to Miami station to lead field operations for Project Mongoose, headed the CIA stations in Laos and South Vietnam, and the Chilean destabilization operation as chief of the Latin America Division.

  GEN. WALTER BEDELL (“BEETLE”) SMITH: Army general who led the CIA from 1950 to 1953, creating the Directorate of Operations by merging the OPC and OSO; supervised the OPC during its major covert actions.

  ANASTASIO SOMOZA: Nicaraguan director who collaborated with the CIA on covert operations in Guatemala and against Cuba.

  ADM. SIDNEY W. SOUERS: First director of central intelligence under President Truman, later his first staff chief for the National Security Council.

  EDWARD A. STANULIS: Former army officer and CIA paramilitary expert, Stanulis planned initiatives to counter Fidel Castro, then became a senior officer on the task force that prepared the Bay of Pigs operation.

  JOHN H. STEIN: An officer who served in Zaire at the end of the CIA operation there, became chief of station in Cambodia during the war, then in Libya, and later rose to become deputy director for operations.

  ADLAI E. STEVENSON: U.S. ambassador to the United Nations during the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

  GORDON STEWART: OSS and SSU veteran, longtime chief of CIA operations in Germany, leader of the DO’s foreign intelligence staff, later a senior agency estimator and the CIA’s inspector general.

  GEN. RICHARD G. STILWELL: Headed CIA Far Eastern operations during the Korean War period and proved instrumental in the agency’s acquisition of its first air proprietary; Stilwell also played an important role in the evolution of U.S. Special Forces.

  JOHN STOCKWELL: Paramilitary specialist who served in Vietnam and Laos and later led the CIA task force for the Angolan project.

  RICHARD F. STOLZ: A clandestine service officer who specialized in Russian operations, Stolz worked in Germany and Bulgaria, led stations in Moscow, Rome, Yugoslavia, and London, and headed the Soviet Division; he came out of retirement to lead the Directorate of Operations.

  HOWARD STONE: A CIA covert operations specialist, Stone worked on the Iranian coup project, headed the agency’s station in Syria attempting to mount a similar initiative, and later became station chief in Nepal during the final phase of the Tibet project.

  ADM. WILLIAM O. STUDEMAN: An intelligence specialist who had headed that department for the navy, Studeman became deputy and briefly acting DCI during the interregnum between James Woolsey and John Deutch.

  GEN. MAXWELL D. TAYLOR: Army general and chief of staff in the late 1950s, Taylor later became a key adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, heading the board that reviewed implementation of the Bay of Pigs operation, and chairing the Special Group (Augmented) until he left to become chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

  ADM. RUFUS L. TAYLOR: Deputy director of central intelligence under Richard Helms, Taylor had headed naval intelligence and had a long background in communications intelligence.

  GARFIELD THORSRUD: Air operations specialist for the CIA, Thorsrud played important roles in CIA projects in Indonesia and Tibet, and headed airfield operations for the Bay of Pigs.

  HANS V. TOFTE: Covert operations specialist in China, Korea, Guatemala, and later deputy chief of CIA Domestic Contact Division.

  B. HUGH TOVAR: Clandestine services officer who led the CIA station in Indonesia at the time of the 1965 coup there, and later the station in Laos at the height of the paramilitary effort there.

  RAFAEL TRUJILLO: Dictator of the Dominican Republic, Trujillo became the object of CIA planning for a covert operation in 1960–1961.

  GEN. LUCIEN K. TRUSCOTT: Deputized from the army as CIA Director Walter B. Smith’s special representative in Germany, Truscott had a key role in European operations through the early and mid-1950s and served as troubleshooter for President Eisenhower.

  BRONSON TWEEDY: Old-line CIA officer who supervised the Congo operation as Africa Division chief.

  THOMAS A. TWETTEN: Clandestine services officer who served in Cairo, headed the station in Jordan, the Office of Technical Services, was deputy and then chief of the NE Division, and associate, then deputy director for operations, retiring as station chief in London.

  AL ULMER: Operations officer with wide experience, Ulmer headed CIA stations in Vienna and Madrid, and the Far East Division, supervising covert operations in Indonesia, Japan, and the Philippines.

  GEN. HOYT S. VANDENBERG: Air force general who directed the Central Intelligence Group and managed the creation of the CIA.

  TONY VARONA: Cuban exile politician active during the Bay of Pigs project and later CIA anti-Cuban efforts; he involved his organization in plots to assassinate Castro.

  JOHN WALLER: Covert operations specialist who worked in the Near East Division primarily, including in Turkey and on the coup project in Iran; deputy chief of the Africa Division during key operations of the 1960s and later the CIA’s inspector general.

  GEN. VERNON A. WALTERS: By virtue of his linguistic abilities, Walters long hovered at the edges of intelligence work, executing special missions for many presidents before Nixon made him deputy director of central intelligence; as President Reagan’s ambassador to the United Nations, Walters again played a role in the Casey covert action offensive.

  JUDGE WILLIAM WEBSTER: A career lawyer who was FBI chief when President Reagan selected him to be director of central intelligence.

  EDWARD WELLES: Congo task force chief.

  DAVID WHIPPLE: CIA field officer who served in Europe, Africa, and the Far East for almost three decades.

  WHITING WILLAUER: An official of the CIA proprietary Civil Air Transport, Willauer was appointed ambassador to Honduras to help with the Guatemala operation and later served as State Department overseer of the CIA’s Cuba task force.