600 “does not have the political or military clout”: CIA, “Prospects for Iraq: Saddam and Beyond,” NIE 93-42, December 1993 (declassified April 2005), p. 24. National Security Archive, “Saddam’s Iron Grip,” EBB 167, document no. 12.

  601 “We lost our way”: Jim Hoagland, “How CIA’s Secret War on Saddam Collapsed,” Washington Post, June 26, 1997, quoted p. A28.

  602 “THE ACTION YOU HAVE PLANNED”: Robert Baer, See No Evil: The True Story of a Ground Soldier in the CIA’s War on Terrorism (New York, Crown Publishers, 2002), quoted p. 173.

  604 “Twenty million dollars”: Tim Weiner, “Call in the CIA and Cross Your Fingers,” New York Times, September 15, 1996, quoted p. E3.

  24: THE STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL

  608 “The Bosnian people”: Tim Weiner, “Permitting Iran to Arm Bosnia Was Vital, U.S. Envoy Testifies,” New York Times, May 31, 1996, quoted p. A3.

  608 “that we allow covert arms supply”: Richard C. Holbrooke, To End a War (New York, Modern Library, 1999), quoted p. 52, italics in original.

  609 “Your instructions are to say”: David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace (New York, Scribner’s, 2001), quoted p. 334.

  611 “much greater than the gross domestic products”: William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), p. 67.

  614 “The field became irrelevant”: Mahle, Denial and Deception, p. 170.

  615 “I fired a lot of people”: R. Jeffrey Smith, “Having Lifted CIA’s Veil, Deutch Sums Up: I Told You So,” Washington Post, December 26, 1996, quoted p. A25.

  616 “hated”: Clinton, My Life, p. 737.

  619 “My experience with Tony Lake”: Tim Weiner, “Nominations Have Made CIA Chief Odd Man Out,” New York Times, December 12, 1996, quoted p. B7.

  619 “He was worn down” et seq,: Clinton, My Life, p. 749.

  619 “political circus”: Letter, Anthony Lake to William J. Clinton, March 17, 1997, reprinted in New York Times, March 18, 1997, p. A21.

  629 “the dismal historical record of covert military and paramilitary operations”: McGeorge Bundy Op-Ed, New York Times, June 10, 1985.

  632 “The belligerents during the Second World War”: Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 30.

  634 “with the least damage”: John Horton, “Reflections on Covert Operations and Its Anxieties,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, v. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1990), p. 82.

  25: SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY

  641 Bush (1) and Clinton quoted from Betty M. Unterberger, “Self-Determination,” in Alexander DeConde et al., eds., Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002), v. 3, p. 470.

  641 “It is one matter to adopt”: John Deutch, “Time to Pull Out. And Not Just From Iraq,” New York Times, July 15, 2005, p. A27.

  A Note on Sources

  The following documents are essential sources for the information in this book. Additional listings of official histories, books, and articles may be found at www.ivanrdee.com/safefordemocracy/bibliography.

  a. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA): Records of the Kennedy Assassination Records Commission; CIA CREST Database; Records Group 1 : CIA.

  b. Harry S Truman Library (NARA) collections: President’s Secretary’s File (PSF): Intelligence File; PSF: Korean War File; PSF: NSC Meetings File; PSF: Subject File; White House Central File (WHCF): Confidential File; WHCF: Official File Records of the Psychological Strategy Board; Dean Acheson Papers; Clark Clifford Papers; Oral Histories.

  c. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library (NARA) collections: Eisenhower Papers (EP): Ann Whitman File (AWF): Administration Series; AWF: DDE Diaries; AWF: Dulles-Herter Series; White House Office (WHO): Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (OSANSA): Special Assistant Series: Alphabetical Subseries; WHO: OSANSA: Special Assistant Series: NSC Subseries; WHO: OSANSA: Special Assistant Series: Presidential Subseries; WHO: OSANSA: Special Assistant Series: Subject Subseries; WHO: Office of the Staff Secretary (OSS): International Series; WHO: OSS: Subject Series; WHCF: Administration File; John Foster Dulles Papers: Telephone Series; Oral Histories.

  d. Lyndon B. Johnson Library (NARA) collections: Lyndon B. Johnson Papers: Declassified and Sanitized Documents: Unboxed Folders; National Security File (NSF): Memos to the President; NSF: Agency File; NSF: Aides’ Files; NSF: Intelligence File; NSF: Country File: Laos; NSF: Country File: Vietnam; NSF: Files of Special Committee of NSC; NSF: Subject File; Official File; White House Central File; Official File: Harry McPherson File; Vice-Presidential Security File; Oral Histories; John McCone Papers; Clark Clifford Papers; Paul Warnke Papers; Morton H. Halperin Papers.

  e. Richard Nixon Library Project (NARA) collections: Nixon Tapes; Presidential Handwriting File; President’s Office File; National Security Adviser’s Files; Aides Files: Al Haig, Anthony Lake; White House Central File; H. R. Haldeman Papers.

  f. Gerald R. Ford Library (NARA): Presidential Handwriting File; Kissinger-Scowcroft File: Subject Series, NSC Meeting Series, Memcon Series; National Security Adviser’s Series: Name Series, Backchannel Message Series; Rockefeller Commission Files; Donald Rumsfeld Files; Richard Cheney Files; Phillip C. Buchen Files; Robert K. Wolthius Files; James E. Connor Files; Ron Nessen Files.

  g. Ronald Reagan Library (NARA): White House Operations Files: NSC Executive Secretariat Series; NSC Crisis Management Center Series; Aides’ Files: Alton Keel Files; Donald R. Fortier Files; Howard Teicher Files; Oliver North Files; Craig Coy Files; Geoffrey Kemp Files; James Stark Files.

  h. National Security Archive: This private, nongovernment clearing house and repository for documents declassified under the Freedom of Information Act and Mandatory Declassification Review also holds collections of personal papers. Housed at George Washington University, the Archive has several categories of relevant records, including its microfiche document collection publications; electronic briefing books, which are smaller selections of material posted to its website; and the physical documents and papers. Materials used from the Archive include, but are not limited to, Edward G. Lansdale Papers; microfiche collections for U.S. Intelligence Policy, Afghanistan, and Nicaragua; and electronic briefing books on CIA and Former Nazis; a 40th Anniversary Conference on the Bay of Pigs; the Director of National Intelligence; John Negroponte (2 parts); Luis Posada Carriles; and the Cuban Missile Crisis.

  i. Freedom of Information Act: These are documents cited with only the name of an agency and a declassification date, which were released under official declassification regulations.

  j. Unclassified Executive Documents: This refers to a variety of White House, State Department, and Department of Defense memorandums, reports, and releases that are not secret but form portions of the public record.

  k. Congressional Documents: (all such documents are cited by the Congress and session numbers (e.g., 98/1), the originating committee, and the title.

  Senate

  Foreign Relations (98/2). Report: The US. Government and the Vietnam War. Executive and Legislative Relationships (4 parts). Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office (GPO), 1984.

  Government Operations (93/2). Hearings: Legislative Proposals to Strengthen Congressional Oversight of the Nation’s Intelligence Agencies. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1974.

  (100/2). Hearings: Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy (4 parts). Washington, D.C., GPO, 1988.

  (100/2). Report: Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1988.

  Government Operations (94/2) Hearings: Oversight of U.S. Government Intelligence Functions. Washington, D.C.; GPO, 1978.

  Rules and Administration (94/2). Hearings: Proposed Standing Committee on Intelligence Activities. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1978.

  Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence (Church Committee) 94/1. Interim Report Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1975.

  (94/1) Staff Study: Covert Operations in Chile, 19631973. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1975.

  (94/2) Final Report (in 8 parts with accompanying volumes of bearings), especially books I, IV, VI. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1978.

  Committee on Rules and Administration (94/2). Hearings: Proposed Standing Committee on Intelligence Activities. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1976.

  Select Committee on Intelligence (94/2). Hearing: Nomination of E. Henry Knoche. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1978.

  (95/1) Annual Report, May 1977. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1977.

  (95/2) Hearings: National Intelligence Reorganizations and Reform Act of 1978. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1978.

  (98/2) Report, January 1, 1983, to December 31, 1984. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1985.

  (102/1) Hearings: Nomination of Robert M. Gates to Be Director of Central Intelligence. (3 parts). Washington, D.C., GPO, 1991.

  (102/1) Report: Nomination of Robert M. Gates to Be Director of Central Intelligence. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1991.

  (104/2) Report: Legislative Oversight of Intelligence Activities: The U.S. Experience. Washington, D.C., GPO, October 1994.

  (104/2) Report: U.S. Actions Regarding Iranian and Other Arms Transfers to the Bosnian Army, 1994–1995. Washington, D.C., Committee Xerox, November 1996.

  (105/1) Special Report: Committee Activities, January 4, 1995, to October 3, 1996. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1997.

  House

  Foreign Affairs Committee (Historical Volume, 94/1) Hearings: The United States and Chile During the Allende Years, 1970–1973. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1975.

  International Relations Committee (104/2). Final Report of the Select Subcommittee to Investigate the United States Role in Iranian Arms Transfers to Croatia and Bosnia (The “Iranian Green Light” Subcommittee). Washington, D.C., GPO, 1997.

  Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (95/2). Hearings: Disclosure of Funds for Intelligence Activities. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1977.

  Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (97/2). Staff Report: U.S. Intelligence Performance on Central America: Achievements and Selected Areas of Concern. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1982.

  Select Committee on Intelligence (Pike Committee) 94/1. Hearings (various titles, five parts). Washington, D.C., GPO, 1975–1976.

  Joint

  (100/1) Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition / House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, November 1987. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1987. (Also the Hearings, published Documentary Exhibits, and Depositions of these committees.)

  l. Leaked Documents: A number of authentic government documents have entered the public record by means of unauthorized disclosure. These range from Reagan administration decisional documents on Central America (New York Times, April 7,1983) to large portions of the Pike Report (Village Voice, February 18, 1978). Among the most significant of leaked documents—really a full-scale collection in its own right—is the secret decision-making study assembled for the Department of Defense to explain United States involvement in the Vietnam War. This has been published in several complementary editions. See Neal Sheehan et. al., eds, The Pentagon Papers (New York, Bantam Books, 1971). Department of Defense, United States–Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967 (12 parts) (Washington, D.C., GPO, 1971), also The Pentagon Papers: The Senator Gravel Edition: The Defense Department History of United States Decisionmaking in Vietnam, 4 vols. (Boston, Little Brown, n.d. [1972]) four volumes.

  m. Central Intelligence Agency Documents:

  i) Declassified and Published CIA Official Histories: A series of official histories exists of the tenure of each CIA director and of certain other special subjects. Among the most important of these is Ludwell Lee Montague, General Walter Bedell Smith as Director of Central Intelligence, October 1950–February 1953. University Park, Pa., Penn State Press, 1992.

  ii) Other CIA monographs:

  Internal Histories:

  Nicolas Cullather, Operation PBSUCCESS: The United States and Guatemala, 1952–1954. CIA History Staff, 1994 (declassified Historical Review Program, 1997).

  Donald N. Wilber, Clandestine Service History: Overthrow of Premier Mossadeq of Iran, November 1952–August 1953, CS Historical Paper No. 208, March 1954, published October 1969 (declassified Historical Review Program, 2000).

  Center for the Study of Intelligence Studies:

  Constantine, G. Ted. Intelligence Support to Humanitarian-Disaster Relief Operations: An Intelligence Monograph. CSI 95-005, December 1995.

  Garthoff, Douglas F. Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946–2005. Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2005.

  John L. Helgerson, CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates, 1952–1992. Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1996.

  Douglas J. MacEachin, Predicting the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The Intelligence Community’s Record. Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 2002.

  Directorate of Intelligence, Research Study: Indonesia—1965: The Coup That Backfired, (Unclassified), October 1968.

  iii) Official Statements:

  John Deutch, “Statement on Guatemala,” September 29, 1995. CIA Text.

  Office of the President

  President’s Special Review Board (Tower Commission). Report. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1987.

  Intelligence Oversight Board (Harrington Board). Report on Guatemala Review. White House Xerox, June 28, 1996.

  Office of the Independent Counsel for Iran-Contra Matters

  Lawrence E. Walsh, Independent Counsel, Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters (3 vols.). Washington, D.C., United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsel, Division No. 86-6, August 4, 1993.

  Department of State

  Foreign Relations of the United States series (cited with period, volume number and subject, and various publication dates).

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title was intentionally removed from the eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below

  Acheson, Dean

  Aderholt, Harry C.: in Laos

  Adkins, James L.

  Adoula, Cyrille

  Aero Contractors

  Afghanistan

  Adolph Dubs, kidnapping of

  American aid to

  arms, supplying of

  civil war in

  ethnic groups in

  factions in

  and heroin

  invasion of

  mine clearing in

  mujahedeen in

  prisoners, treatment of in

  rebel bands in

  secret police (KHAD) in

  Soviet assistance to

  Soviet invasion of

  Soviet withdrawal from

  Taliban in

  Afghan Party

  Air America

  end of

  in Laos. See also Civil Air Transport.

  Air Resupply and Communications (ARC)

  Akhtar, Abdul Rahman

  Albania

  factions in

  and rollback

  Al-Faisal, Prince Turki

  Alfhem affair

  and sabotage action

  Algeria

  Alianza revolucionaria democrática (ARDE)

  disintegration of

  Allawi, Ayad

  Alleged Assassination Plots (Church Committee)

  Allende, Salvador Gossens

  assassination order against

  and Castro

  CIA opposition to

  and coups, plans for

  defeat of

  destabilization of

  election of

  and Pinochet coup

  public policy of, as innovative

  suicide of

  threat, perceived as

  Allied Control Councils

  Allied Council of Foreign Ministers

  All-Indian League

  Al Qaeda

  American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism

  American Federal of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME)

  American Federation of Labor (AFL): and CIA

  and Free Trade Union Committee

  American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD)

  American Society for a Free Asia

  Ames, Aldrich

  arrest of

  Amin, Hafizullah

  and coup

  murder of

  Amory, Robert, Jr.

  Anderson, Jack: and CIA-ITT connection

  Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC)

  and SIS

  Angola

  and Alvor agreement

  and Castro

  cease-fire in

  independence of

  South Africa, intervention of

  Animal Farm (Orwell): movie version of

  Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN)

  Anti-Bolshevik Front

  Arbenz, Jacobo Guzman

  campaign against

  as Communist threat

  Czechoslovakia, arms deal with

  diplomatic pressure on

  discrediting of

  election of

  resignation of

  Argentina

  and Falklands War

  Artime, Manuel

  Asia Foundation

  Aspin-Brown Commission

  Aspin, Les

  Atlantic Charter

  Aurell, George

  nation-building, concern over

  Aviation International Limited

  Baer, Robert

  Baltic states

  arms dealing in

  Barbie, Klaus

  Barnes, Tracy L.

  career of

  and Guatemala

  and Project Ate

  Barrientos, Rene Ortuño

  Barzani, Masud

  Basulto, Jose

  Batista, Fulgencio

  fall of

  vulnerability of

  Battle of Mogadishu

  as disastrous

  Battle of Warsaw